Understanding key biological processes helps us make sense of how... Show more
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Subjects
Careers
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms exchange substances with their environment
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
The control of gene expression (a2 only)
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
World war two & the holocaust
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
357
•
25 Jul 2022
•
Caitlin
@caitlin1
Understanding key biological processes helps us make sense of how... Show more
Atherosclerosis causes and effects on blood pressure involve a complex process of arterial damage and reduced blood flow. When fatty materials accumulate beneath the endothelium , they form deposits called atheroma or plaque. This buildup initiates a cascade of cardiovascular changes that significantly impact circulation and heart health.
The progression of atherosclerosis causes arteries to thicken and lose their natural elasticity. As plaque continues to develop, the arterial lumen becomes increasingly narrow, creating a restrictive environment for blood flow. This narrowing forces the heart to pump harder to maintain adequate circulation throughout the body.
The reduced arterial diameter and compromised vessel elasticity directly contribute to elevated blood pressure levels. This increased pressure puts additional strain on the cardiovascular system, potentially leading to serious health complications if left unmanaged.
Definition: Atheroma refers to the fatty deposits that accumulate within arterial walls, forming plaque that restricts blood flow and increases cardiovascular risk.
The heart's electrical system generates measurable impulses that create specific patterns on an electrocardiogram . Each component of the ECG waveform represents distinct cardiac activities and timing intervals that provide crucial diagnostic information.
The P-wave indicates electrical activation during atrial systole , while the QRS complex represents ventricular systole. The T-wave shows ventricular repolarization, marking the heart's return to its resting state. These components work together in a precisely timed sequence to maintain proper cardiac function.
Understanding the timing intervals provides insight into cardiac efficiency. The Q-T interval measures ventricular contraction time, while the T-P interval represents the crucial filling period when ventricles are relaxed and receiving blood.
Highlight: ECG waveforms provide vital information about heart function, with each component representing specific cardiac activities.
Understanding genome sequencing and bioinformatics in genomics represents a revolutionary approach to studying hereditary information. The genome encompasses all genetic material within an organism's DNA, containing the complete set of instructions for development and function.
Modern genomic analysis involves determining the precise sequence of nucleotide bases along DNA molecules. This process can be applied to both individual genes and entire genomes, providing unprecedented insight into genetic composition and function. Bioinformatics combines computer technology and statistical analysis to process and interpret vast amounts of genetic data.
Pharmacogenetics applies genomic information to medical treatment, analyzing individual genetic profiles to predict disease susceptibility and potential drug responses. This personalized approach to medicine enables more effective treatment strategies based on genetic factors.
Vocabulary: Bioinformatics - The application of computational tools to analyze and interpret biological data, particularly genetic information.
Metabolic pathways control and activation energy explained involves understanding how biochemical reactions are regulated and energetically facilitated. These pathways encompass both anabolic and catabolic processes, each requiring specific energy inputs and controls.
The concept of activation energy is fundamental to metabolic reactions, representing the minimum energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to proceed. When reactants absorb sufficient energy, they enter an unstable transition state that enables the reaction to progress toward completion.
Chemical reaction rates in metabolic pathways are measured by the amount of chemical change occurring per unit time. This rate depends on various factors, including enzyme activity, substrate concentration, and environmental conditions that affect the activation energy requirement.
Example: Think of activation energy as a hill that molecules must climb over to complete a reaction - enzymes help lower this hill, making the reaction easier to achieve.
The human body has sophisticated mechanisms for responding to injury and maintaining homeostasis. When tissue damage occurs, the body initiates a complex cascade of events known as the inflammatory response. This process involves multiple systems working together to promote healing and prevent infection.
Blood vessels near the injury site immediately dilate, increasing blood flow to the affected area. This enhanced circulation, known as hyperemia, serves several critical purposes. The increased blood flow delivers essential clotting factors that help prevent excessive bleeding. Additionally, specialized white blood cells called phagocytes arrive at the damaged tissue to begin their defensive work.
Definition: Phagocytes are immune cells that protect the body by engulfing harmful particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
The accumulation of these cellular and protein components leads to noticeable swelling around the injury site. While this edema may be uncomfortable, it's a necessary part of the healing process. The swelling creates a protective environment that helps isolate the injured area and provides a framework for repair processes to occur efficiently. The increased pressure from swelling also helps immobilize the area, reducing further damage.
Highlight: The body's inflammatory response follows a precise sequence: increased blood flow, arrival of clotting factors and immune cells, and development of protective swelling.
The body's healing process continues long after the initial inflammatory response. Once bleeding is controlled and harmful substances are removed by phagocytes, specialized cells called fibroblasts begin arriving at the injury site. These remarkable cells are responsible for producing collagen and other proteins essential for tissue repair.
Tissue regeneration involves a carefully orchestrated series of cellular events. New blood vessels form through a process called angiogenesis, ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to healing tissues. Meanwhile, surrounding healthy cells begin to multiply and migrate into the damaged area, gradually replacing lost or damaged tissue.
Example: Think of tissue repair like rebuilding a damaged wall - first, you need scaffolding , then workers , building materials , and finally new bricks .
The healing process requires precise regulation to prevent excessive scarring or insufficient repair. Growth factors and chemical signals help coordinate these activities, ensuring that regeneration occurs in a controlled manner. Understanding these mechanisms has important implications for medical treatments, particularly in wound care and regenerative medicine.
The page explains the fundamental process of atherosclerosis and its impact on cardiovascular health. The condition involves fatty material accumulation beneath the arterial endothelium, forming what's known as atheroma or plaque.
Definition: Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits under the endothelium of arteries.
Highlight: The process leads to reduced arterial elasticity and restricted blood flow, ultimately resulting in increased blood pressure.
Example: As atheroma grows, the artery wall thickens and the internal diameter becomes narrower, similar to how a pipe becomes blocked with mineral deposits.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Caitlin
@caitlin1
Understanding key biological processes helps us make sense of how our bodies work and stay healthy.
Atherosclerosisis a serious condition where arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque buildup. This happens when fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Atherosclerosis causes and effects on blood pressure involve a complex process of arterial damage and reduced blood flow. When fatty materials accumulate beneath the endothelium , they form deposits called atheroma or plaque. This buildup initiates a cascade of cardiovascular changes that significantly impact circulation and heart health.
The progression of atherosclerosis causes arteries to thicken and lose their natural elasticity. As plaque continues to develop, the arterial lumen becomes increasingly narrow, creating a restrictive environment for blood flow. This narrowing forces the heart to pump harder to maintain adequate circulation throughout the body.
The reduced arterial diameter and compromised vessel elasticity directly contribute to elevated blood pressure levels. This increased pressure puts additional strain on the cardiovascular system, potentially leading to serious health complications if left unmanaged.
Definition: Atheroma refers to the fatty deposits that accumulate within arterial walls, forming plaque that restricts blood flow and increases cardiovascular risk.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The heart's electrical system generates measurable impulses that create specific patterns on an electrocardiogram . Each component of the ECG waveform represents distinct cardiac activities and timing intervals that provide crucial diagnostic information.
The P-wave indicates electrical activation during atrial systole , while the QRS complex represents ventricular systole. The T-wave shows ventricular repolarization, marking the heart's return to its resting state. These components work together in a precisely timed sequence to maintain proper cardiac function.
Understanding the timing intervals provides insight into cardiac efficiency. The Q-T interval measures ventricular contraction time, while the T-P interval represents the crucial filling period when ventricles are relaxed and receiving blood.
Highlight: ECG waveforms provide vital information about heart function, with each component representing specific cardiac activities.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding genome sequencing and bioinformatics in genomics represents a revolutionary approach to studying hereditary information. The genome encompasses all genetic material within an organism's DNA, containing the complete set of instructions for development and function.
Modern genomic analysis involves determining the precise sequence of nucleotide bases along DNA molecules. This process can be applied to both individual genes and entire genomes, providing unprecedented insight into genetic composition and function. Bioinformatics combines computer technology and statistical analysis to process and interpret vast amounts of genetic data.
Pharmacogenetics applies genomic information to medical treatment, analyzing individual genetic profiles to predict disease susceptibility and potential drug responses. This personalized approach to medicine enables more effective treatment strategies based on genetic factors.
Vocabulary: Bioinformatics - The application of computational tools to analyze and interpret biological data, particularly genetic information.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Metabolic pathways control and activation energy explained involves understanding how biochemical reactions are regulated and energetically facilitated. These pathways encompass both anabolic and catabolic processes, each requiring specific energy inputs and controls.
The concept of activation energy is fundamental to metabolic reactions, representing the minimum energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to proceed. When reactants absorb sufficient energy, they enter an unstable transition state that enables the reaction to progress toward completion.
Chemical reaction rates in metabolic pathways are measured by the amount of chemical change occurring per unit time. This rate depends on various factors, including enzyme activity, substrate concentration, and environmental conditions that affect the activation energy requirement.
Example: Think of activation energy as a hill that molecules must climb over to complete a reaction - enzymes help lower this hill, making the reaction easier to achieve.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The human body has sophisticated mechanisms for responding to injury and maintaining homeostasis. When tissue damage occurs, the body initiates a complex cascade of events known as the inflammatory response. This process involves multiple systems working together to promote healing and prevent infection.
Blood vessels near the injury site immediately dilate, increasing blood flow to the affected area. This enhanced circulation, known as hyperemia, serves several critical purposes. The increased blood flow delivers essential clotting factors that help prevent excessive bleeding. Additionally, specialized white blood cells called phagocytes arrive at the damaged tissue to begin their defensive work.
Definition: Phagocytes are immune cells that protect the body by engulfing harmful particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
The accumulation of these cellular and protein components leads to noticeable swelling around the injury site. While this edema may be uncomfortable, it's a necessary part of the healing process. The swelling creates a protective environment that helps isolate the injured area and provides a framework for repair processes to occur efficiently. The increased pressure from swelling also helps immobilize the area, reducing further damage.
Highlight: The body's inflammatory response follows a precise sequence: increased blood flow, arrival of clotting factors and immune cells, and development of protective swelling.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The body's healing process continues long after the initial inflammatory response. Once bleeding is controlled and harmful substances are removed by phagocytes, specialized cells called fibroblasts begin arriving at the injury site. These remarkable cells are responsible for producing collagen and other proteins essential for tissue repair.
Tissue regeneration involves a carefully orchestrated series of cellular events. New blood vessels form through a process called angiogenesis, ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to healing tissues. Meanwhile, surrounding healthy cells begin to multiply and migrate into the damaged area, gradually replacing lost or damaged tissue.
Example: Think of tissue repair like rebuilding a damaged wall - first, you need scaffolding , then workers , building materials , and finally new bricks .
The healing process requires precise regulation to prevent excessive scarring or insufficient repair. Growth factors and chemical signals help coordinate these activities, ensuring that regeneration occurs in a controlled manner. Understanding these mechanisms has important implications for medical treatments, particularly in wound care and regenerative medicine.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The page explains the fundamental process of atherosclerosis and its impact on cardiovascular health. The condition involves fatty material accumulation beneath the arterial endothelium, forming what's known as atheroma or plaque.
Definition: Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits under the endothelium of arteries.
Highlight: The process leads to reduced arterial elasticity and restricted blood flow, ultimately resulting in increased blood pressure.
Example: As atheroma grows, the artery wall thickens and the internal diameter becomes narrower, similar to how a pipe becomes blocked with mineral deposits.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user