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2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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10
2
Brooke Lindsay
31/01/2023
Biology
cell biology
186
•
31 Jan 2023
•
Brooke Lindsay
@brookelindsay_bjhd
This comprehensive guide covers key biological concepts including respiration, genetic... Show more
Genetic engineering is a process that involves manipulating an organism's DNA. The steps of genetic engineering in biology include:
Highlight: These 5 steps of genetic engineering form the basis of many biotechnology applications.
DNA structure and protein production:
Definition: mRNA (messenger RNA) is a complementary copy of DNA that carries genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Highlight: Understanding the stages of genetic engineering and DNA structure is crucial for comprehending modern biotechnology techniques.
Different types of cells (animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial) have distinct structures, but share some common components:
Plant cells have additional structures:
Bacterial cells have unique features:
Highlight: The location and function of cellular components are crucial for understanding biological processes like protein synthesis and respiration.
Example: Enzymes' role in protein synthesis is primarily carried out in ribosomes, where amino acids are linked together based on the mRNA sequence.
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. There are several transport mechanisms:
Example: Carbon dioxide moves out of cells by diffusion.
Cell responses to osmotic conditions:
Highlight: Plant cells do not burst in high water concentrations due to their cell wall.
Proteins have various functions in organisms, including:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They work by:
Definition: The enzyme function is to lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.
Factors affecting enzyme activity:
Highlight: If temperature or pH exceeds the optimum, enzymes can become denatured, changing the shape of their active site and stopping the reaction.
Example: In protein synthesis, enzymes play crucial roles in various steps, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from glucose. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, a high-energy compound. There are two main types of respiration:
Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria. It produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm. It produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Highlight: The difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes lies in their oxygen requirements and energy yield.
Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast follows a different pathway compared to animals:
Example: In plants and yeast, the anaerobic respiration equation is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol + 2 ATP
Vocabulary: Fermentation is the term used for anaerobic respiration in animals, plants, and yeast.
Where does anaerobic respiration occur? It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells, unlike aerobic respiration which occurs in mitochondria.
Definition: The anaerobic respiration word equation for animals is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate ↔ 2 Lactate + 2 ATP
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Brooke Lindsay
@brookelindsay_bjhd
This comprehensive guide covers key biological concepts including respiration, genetic engineering, cell structure, and protein synthesis. It provides detailed explanations of complex processes, making it an excellent resource for students studying biology.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Genetic engineering is a process that involves manipulating an organism's DNA. The steps of genetic engineering in biology include:
Highlight: These 5 steps of genetic engineering form the basis of many biotechnology applications.
DNA structure and protein production:
Definition: mRNA (messenger RNA) is a complementary copy of DNA that carries genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Highlight: Understanding the stages of genetic engineering and DNA structure is crucial for comprehending modern biotechnology techniques.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Different types of cells (animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial) have distinct structures, but share some common components:
Plant cells have additional structures:
Bacterial cells have unique features:
Highlight: The location and function of cellular components are crucial for understanding biological processes like protein synthesis and respiration.
Example: Enzymes' role in protein synthesis is primarily carried out in ribosomes, where amino acids are linked together based on the mRNA sequence.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. There are several transport mechanisms:
Example: Carbon dioxide moves out of cells by diffusion.
Cell responses to osmotic conditions:
Highlight: Plant cells do not burst in high water concentrations due to their cell wall.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Proteins have various functions in organisms, including:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They work by:
Definition: The enzyme function is to lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.
Factors affecting enzyme activity:
Highlight: If temperature or pH exceeds the optimum, enzymes can become denatured, changing the shape of their active site and stopping the reaction.
Example: In protein synthesis, enzymes play crucial roles in various steps, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from glucose. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, a high-energy compound. There are two main types of respiration:
Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria. It produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm. It produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Highlight: The difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes lies in their oxygen requirements and energy yield.
Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast follows a different pathway compared to animals:
Example: In plants and yeast, the anaerobic respiration equation is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol + 2 ATP
Vocabulary: Fermentation is the term used for anaerobic respiration in animals, plants, and yeast.
Where does anaerobic respiration occur? It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells, unlike aerobic respiration which occurs in mitochondria.
Definition: The anaerobic respiration word equation for animals is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate ↔ 2 Lactate + 2 ATP
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
