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2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
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Sage Tavasolian
02/04/2023
Biology
biology topic 1
48
•
2 Apr 2023
•
Sage Tavasolian
@sagetavasolian_wuar
Cell division and protein synthesis are fundamental processes that maintain... Show more
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Stages of meiosis involve complex cellular processes that create reproductive cells. During Prophase 1 meiosis, chromosomes pair up and undergo a critical process called crossing over. This genetic exchange occurs when homologous chromosomes trade segments of DNA, increasing genetic diversity.
In Meiosis 1, chromosomes align at the cell's equator as spindle fibers attach to their centromeres. The centrioles produce these spindle fibers which are essential for proper chromosome separation. When asking "How do chromosomes line up in meiosis class 12", it's important to understand that this alignment happens at the metaphase plate.
How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? The process creates four genetically unique daughter cells through two main divisions: Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2. Each division involves distinct phases including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Definition: Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, creating genetic diversity in gametes.
The process of protein synthesis in cells follows a precise sequence of steps. Understanding the protein synthesis steps is crucial for grasping how genetic information becomes functional proteins.
DNA, too large to exit the nucleus, initiates the process of protein synthesis in cells class 12 through transcription. The resulting mRNA travels through nuclear pores to ribosomes where translation occurs. The 7 steps of protein synthesis include DNA unwinding, transcription, mRNA processing, and various stages of translation.
Highlight: The protein synthesis diagram shows how amino acids are assembled in the correct sequence based on mRNA codons, with tRNA molecules bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome.
Effects of DNA mutation on protein structure can significantly impact cellular function. A loss-of-function mutation occurs when changes in DNA sequence result in a non-functional protein. A common loss-of-function mutation example is when a stop codon appears prematurely in the gene sequence.
Gain-of-function mutation results in new or enhanced protein activity, while a missense mutation causes amino acid substitution. A frameshift mutation shifts the reading frame of codons, typically resulting in completely different amino acid sequences.
Example: A single base change in the hemoglobin gene can cause sickle cell anemia, demonstrating how negative effects of DNA mutation on protein structure can lead to disease.
The process of genetic engineering has revolutionized protein production, particularly in manufacturing insulin for diabetes treatment. This technique involves isolating specific genes and transferring them into bacterial cells for protein synthesis.
Scientists can modify organisms by inserting genes from different species. For example, bacteria can be engineered to produce human insulin through careful gene selection and insertion. This method is more efficient and cost-effective than extracting insulin from animal sources.
Vocabulary: Vector - A DNA molecule used to transfer genetic material into a host cell during genetic engineering.
Characteristics in organisms are determined by both genes and environment:
Example: Height is influenced by genes determining maximum potential height and environmental factors like nutrition.
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk considered the father of genetics, conducted pioneering experiments on pea plants that revealed key principles of inheritance:
Highlight: Mendel's work laid the foundation for understanding how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
These principles help explain the variation observed within species and how traits are inherited across generations.
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process used to produce gametes. During meiosis, chromosomes line up in pairs and undergo key events:
Highlight: The stages of meiosis include two rounds of division - Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 - resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Vocabulary: Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis, allowing genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes.
This process ensures genetic diversity in offspring by shuffling genetic material between chromosomes.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sage Tavasolian
@sagetavasolian_wuar
Cell division and protein synthesis are fundamental processes that maintain life and pass genetic information between generations.
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number. During Meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes... Show more
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Stages of meiosis involve complex cellular processes that create reproductive cells. During Prophase 1 meiosis, chromosomes pair up and undergo a critical process called crossing over. This genetic exchange occurs when homologous chromosomes trade segments of DNA, increasing genetic diversity.
In Meiosis 1, chromosomes align at the cell's equator as spindle fibers attach to their centromeres. The centrioles produce these spindle fibers which are essential for proper chromosome separation. When asking "How do chromosomes line up in meiosis class 12", it's important to understand that this alignment happens at the metaphase plate.
How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? The process creates four genetically unique daughter cells through two main divisions: Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2. Each division involves distinct phases including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Definition: Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, creating genetic diversity in gametes.
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Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The process of protein synthesis in cells follows a precise sequence of steps. Understanding the protein synthesis steps is crucial for grasping how genetic information becomes functional proteins.
DNA, too large to exit the nucleus, initiates the process of protein synthesis in cells class 12 through transcription. The resulting mRNA travels through nuclear pores to ribosomes where translation occurs. The 7 steps of protein synthesis include DNA unwinding, transcription, mRNA processing, and various stages of translation.
Highlight: The protein synthesis diagram shows how amino acids are assembled in the correct sequence based on mRNA codons, with tRNA molecules bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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Effects of DNA mutation on protein structure can significantly impact cellular function. A loss-of-function mutation occurs when changes in DNA sequence result in a non-functional protein. A common loss-of-function mutation example is when a stop codon appears prematurely in the gene sequence.
Gain-of-function mutation results in new or enhanced protein activity, while a missense mutation causes amino acid substitution. A frameshift mutation shifts the reading frame of codons, typically resulting in completely different amino acid sequences.
Example: A single base change in the hemoglobin gene can cause sickle cell anemia, demonstrating how negative effects of DNA mutation on protein structure can lead to disease.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The process of genetic engineering has revolutionized protein production, particularly in manufacturing insulin for diabetes treatment. This technique involves isolating specific genes and transferring them into bacterial cells for protein synthesis.
Scientists can modify organisms by inserting genes from different species. For example, bacteria can be engineered to produce human insulin through careful gene selection and insertion. This method is more efficient and cost-effective than extracting insulin from animal sources.
Vocabulary: Vector - A DNA molecule used to transfer genetic material into a host cell during genetic engineering.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Characteristics in organisms are determined by both genes and environment:
Example: Height is influenced by genes determining maximum potential height and environmental factors like nutrition.
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk considered the father of genetics, conducted pioneering experiments on pea plants that revealed key principles of inheritance:
Highlight: Mendel's work laid the foundation for understanding how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
These principles help explain the variation observed within species and how traits are inherited across generations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process used to produce gametes. During meiosis, chromosomes line up in pairs and undergo key events:
Highlight: The stages of meiosis include two rounds of division - Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 - resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Vocabulary: Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis, allowing genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes.
This process ensures genetic diversity in offspring by shuffling genetic material between chromosomes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
