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7
0
Darragh Mccooe
01/09/2025
Biology
All of Enzymes for ccea
181
•
1 Sept 2025
•
Darragh Mccooe
@darraghmccooe_xfcu
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions without... Show more
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
This page details how enzymes interact with their substrates to form complexes. The mechanism involves precise molecular interactions at the active site.
Vocabulary: The enzyme-substrate complex (ES complex) forms when the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site.
Definition: The active site is the specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
Highlight: The formation of bonds between the enzyme's amino acids and the substrate is crucial for catalysis.
This page explores the specific nature of enzyme-substrate interactions through the lock-and-key model.
Definition: Enzyme specificity refers to an enzyme's ability to catalyze only specific reactions with particular substrates.
Vocabulary: Catabolism refers to breakdown reactions, while anabolism involves building larger molecules.
Highlight: The three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's active site precisely matches its specific substrate.
This page describes the induced fit model and the role of cofactors in enzyme function.
Definition: The induced fit model suggests that the active site molds itself around the substrate during binding.
Vocabulary: Cofactors are non-protein substances required by some enzymes for proper function.
Example: Metal ions like Mg2+ and Fe3+ serve as cofactors by helping to shape the active site.
This page covers additional non-protein components necessary for enzyme function.
Definition: Prosthetic groups are permanently attached non-protein molecules required for enzyme function.
Example: NAD and FAD are coenzymes that act as hydrogen acceptors in metabolic reactions.
Highlight: Enzyme activity increases with substrate concentration until all active sites are occupied.
This page explains how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity rates.
Definition: The limiting factor is the component that restricts the rate of reaction when present in minimal amounts.
Highlight: Reaction rates level off when either all active sites are occupied or substrate becomes limiting.
This page discusses how temperature influences enzyme activity.
Highlight: Temperature increases initially speed up reactions by providing more kinetic energy.
Definition: Denaturation occurs when excessive temperature causes the enzyme's structure to break down.
Example: Optimal temperature provides maximum reaction rate before denaturation begins.
This page covers pH influence on enzymes and introduces immobilization techniques.
Definition: Immobilized enzymes are physically confined within a defined space while maintaining their catalytic activity.
Highlight: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range for maximum activity.
This page details various methods for immobilizing enzymes.
Vocabulary: Adsorption, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linkage are different immobilization techniques.
Example: Alginate beads can be used to entrap enzymes while maintaining their function.
This page discusses the benefits and drawbacks of enzyme immobilization.
Highlight: Immobilized enzymes can be reused and show improved stability.
Definition: Competitive inhibition occurs when inhibitors compete with substrates for the active site.
This page explains different types of enzyme inhibition.
Definition: Non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds away from the active site.
Highlight: The effect of competitive inhibition depends on relative concentrations of substrate and inhibitor.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Darragh Mccooe
@darraghmccooe_xfcu
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions without being consumed. They work by lowering the enzyme reaction activation energy required for chemical processes.
Key points:
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This page details how enzymes interact with their substrates to form complexes. The mechanism involves precise molecular interactions at the active site.
Vocabulary: The enzyme-substrate complex (ES complex) forms when the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site.
Definition: The active site is the specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
Highlight: The formation of bonds between the enzyme's amino acids and the substrate is crucial for catalysis.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explores the specific nature of enzyme-substrate interactions through the lock-and-key model.
Definition: Enzyme specificity refers to an enzyme's ability to catalyze only specific reactions with particular substrates.
Vocabulary: Catabolism refers to breakdown reactions, while anabolism involves building larger molecules.
Highlight: The three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's active site precisely matches its specific substrate.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page describes the induced fit model and the role of cofactors in enzyme function.
Definition: The induced fit model suggests that the active site molds itself around the substrate during binding.
Vocabulary: Cofactors are non-protein substances required by some enzymes for proper function.
Example: Metal ions like Mg2+ and Fe3+ serve as cofactors by helping to shape the active site.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page covers additional non-protein components necessary for enzyme function.
Definition: Prosthetic groups are permanently attached non-protein molecules required for enzyme function.
Example: NAD and FAD are coenzymes that act as hydrogen acceptors in metabolic reactions.
Highlight: Enzyme activity increases with substrate concentration until all active sites are occupied.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity rates.
Definition: The limiting factor is the component that restricts the rate of reaction when present in minimal amounts.
Highlight: Reaction rates level off when either all active sites are occupied or substrate becomes limiting.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page discusses how temperature influences enzyme activity.
Highlight: Temperature increases initially speed up reactions by providing more kinetic energy.
Definition: Denaturation occurs when excessive temperature causes the enzyme's structure to break down.
Example: Optimal temperature provides maximum reaction rate before denaturation begins.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page covers pH influence on enzymes and introduces immobilization techniques.
Definition: Immobilized enzymes are physically confined within a defined space while maintaining their catalytic activity.
Highlight: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range for maximum activity.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page details various methods for immobilizing enzymes.
Vocabulary: Adsorption, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linkage are different immobilization techniques.
Example: Alginate beads can be used to entrap enzymes while maintaining their function.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page discusses the benefits and drawbacks of enzyme immobilization.
Highlight: Immobilized enzymes can be reused and show improved stability.
Definition: Competitive inhibition occurs when inhibitors compete with substrates for the active site.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains different types of enzyme inhibition.
Definition: Non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds away from the active site.
Highlight: The effect of competitive inhibition depends on relative concentrations of substrate and inhibitor.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
