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How Your Body Controls Heart Beats and Brain Signals

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Ethan

29/06/2023

Biology

A Level Biology Nerves, Hormones & Muscles Summary

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Biology

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Responding to change (a2 only)

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Nervous coordination

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Action potentials

How Your Body Controls Heart Beats and Brain Signals

The nervous system coordinates vital bodily functions through complex mechanisms of neural transmission and hormone regulation. This comprehensive guide explores the intricate workings of the sympathetic nervous system and heart rate control, the sodium-potassium pump role in membrane potential, and the transmission across a synapse process.

  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work antagonistically to maintain homeostasis
  • Neural transmission relies on carefully controlled ion movements across cell membranes
  • Synapses enable precise communication between neurons through neurotransmitter release
  • Muscle contraction occurs through the sliding filament mechanism
  • Both nervous and hormonal systems contribute to heart rate regulation
...

29/06/2023

330

Nerves & Hormones: . . . . . . Sympathetic Nervous System • Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline * . V . . W Resting Potential: Speeds things u

View

Page 2: Synaptic Transmission and Myelinated Neurons

This section details the complex process of neural signal transmission across synapses and the specialized structure of myelinated neurons.

Definition: Saltatory conduction refers to the "jumping" of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, significantly increasing transmission speed.

Highlight: Synapses serve multiple crucial functions, including unidirectional signal transmission, signal filtering, and enabling learning and memory formation.

Example: When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, calcium channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Vocabulary: Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheaths where ion channels concentrate, enabling efficient signal propagation.

The page extensively covers the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release and the subsequent events leading to signal transmission across the synapse.

Nerves & Hormones: . . . . . . Sympathetic Nervous System • Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline * . V . . W Resting Potential: Speeds things u

View

Page 3: Synaptic Inhibition and Muscle Contraction

The final page examines synaptic inhibition mechanisms and introduces the basics of muscle contraction through the sliding filament theory.

Definition: Synaptic inhibition occurs when inhibitory molecules prevent neurotransmitter binding, blocking signal transmission.

Highlight: The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction between actin and myosin proteins.

Example: When an inhibitor occupies acetylcholine receptors, sodium channels remain closed, preventing membrane depolarization and subsequent action potential generation.

Vocabulary: The "power stroke" refers to the movement of myosin heads pulling on actin filaments during muscle contraction.

The page concludes with an explanation of how stimulus strength relates to action potential generation and the basic mechanics of muscle contraction.

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Subjects

Biology

Responding to change (a2 only)

Nervous coordination

Action potentials

 

Biology

•

330

•

29 Jun 2023

•

3 pages

How Your Body Controls Heart Beats and Brain Signals

user profile picture

Ethan

@ethanjordan

The nervous system coordinates vital bodily functions through complex mechanisms of neural transmission and hormone regulation. This comprehensive guide explores the intricate workings of the sympathetic nervous system and heart rate control, the sodium-potassium pump role in membrane potential... Show more

Nerves & Hormones: . . . . . . Sympathetic Nervous System • Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline * . V . . W Resting Potential: Speeds things u

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Page 2: Synaptic Transmission and Myelinated Neurons

This section details the complex process of neural signal transmission across synapses and the specialized structure of myelinated neurons.

Definition: Saltatory conduction refers to the "jumping" of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, significantly increasing transmission speed.

Highlight: Synapses serve multiple crucial functions, including unidirectional signal transmission, signal filtering, and enabling learning and memory formation.

Example: When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, calcium channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Vocabulary: Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheaths where ion channels concentrate, enabling efficient signal propagation.

The page extensively covers the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release and the subsequent events leading to signal transmission across the synapse.

Nerves & Hormones: . . . . . . Sympathetic Nervous System • Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline * . V . . W Resting Potential: Speeds things u

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Page 3: Synaptic Inhibition and Muscle Contraction

The final page examines synaptic inhibition mechanisms and introduces the basics of muscle contraction through the sliding filament theory.

Definition: Synaptic inhibition occurs when inhibitory molecules prevent neurotransmitter binding, blocking signal transmission.

Highlight: The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction between actin and myosin proteins.

Example: When an inhibitor occupies acetylcholine receptors, sodium channels remain closed, preventing membrane depolarization and subsequent action potential generation.

Vocabulary: The "power stroke" refers to the movement of myosin heads pulling on actin filaments during muscle contraction.

The page concludes with an explanation of how stimulus strength relates to action potential generation and the basic mechanics of muscle contraction.

Nerves & Hormones: . . . . . . Sympathetic Nervous System • Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline * . V . . W Resting Potential: Speeds things u

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Page 1: Neural Control Systems and Membrane Potentials

The first page explores the fundamental mechanisms of neural control and membrane potentials in nerve cells. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in opposition to maintain bodily homeostasis.

Definition: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight" responses, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" functions.

Highlight: The sodium-potassium pump maintains resting membrane potential by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions into the neuron, requiring ATP energy.

Example: During stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the liver to release glucose through glycogenolysis, providing energy for emergency responses.

Vocabulary: Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors that detect blood pressure changes in the aorta and carotid arteries.

The page details the process of membrane depolarization, explaining how stimulus-triggered sodium channel opening leads to action potential generation when threshold is reached.

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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