The Stages of Drake's Circumnavigation

Drake's journey around the world can be divided into three main stages, each presenting unique challenges and opportunities. This breakdown is essential for students studying Drake's circumnavigation GCSE AQA.

Stage One: Plymouth to Brazil

The initial leg of the voyage took Drake and his fleet from Plymouth to the Cape Verde Islands off the west coast of Africa, and then on to Brazil. During this stage:

• Drake captured Portuguese ships and their cargo of wine at Cape Verde
• The expedition faced internal challenges, with quarrels among the crew
• Storms and adverse weather conditions began to pose significant problems

Stage Two: Brazil to Guatulca

This stage of the journey proved to be the most tumultuous:

• Tensions within the crew escalated, leading to Thomas Doughty being charged with mutiny and executed
• Drake consolidated his resources, keeping only the three best ships and burning the others
• The fleet navigated the treacherous Magellan Strait, where Drake made important geographical observations
• The Marigold sank in bad weather, and the Elizabeth became separated, eventually returning to England
• Drake conducted raids along the coast of Peru, attacking Spanish settlements and capturing valuable treasures

Quote: "Drake gained knowledge of geography, not a large Southern continent but group of islands" - This observation near Tierra del Fuego challenged existing geographical assumptions.

Stage Three: South America to Plymouth

The final stage of the circumnavigation saw Drake make strategic decisions to ensure a safe return:

• At Guatulca, Drake decided to find a new route home to avoid alerted Spanish ships
• In California, he claimed land for Elizabeth, naming it "New Albion"
• The expedition collected valuable spices in Ternate, though much was later jettisoned to lighten the ship when stranded on a reef
• Drake faced uncertainty about whether Elizabeth was still alive and ruling England

Definition: Circumnavigation - The act of sailing or traveling all the way around something, especially the world.

Significance and Consequences of Drake's Circumnavigation

The impact of Drake's voyage was profound and far-reaching, influencing various aspects of English and European history. This section is crucial for understanding the consequences of Drake's circumnavigation.

1. England as a Seafaring Nation: Despite nearly ending in disaster, with only one ship and 56 men returning, Drake's successful circumnavigation established England as a formidable maritime power. It was only the second crew in history to achieve this feat.
2. Encouragement of Exploration: Drake's journey inspired further exploration by demonstrating the potential for both discovery and profit. His detailed logs and gathered information proved invaluable for future voyages.
3. Colonial Ambitions: The claiming of "Nova Albion" $New Albion$ in 1579 marked the beginning of English territorial claims in North America. This act, along with the voyage's success, encouraged subsequent colonial endeavors in the Americas.
4. Anglo-Spanish Relations: Drake's attacks on Spanish ships and colonies severely strained relations between England and Spain. Queen Elizabeth's decision to knight Drake upon his return was seen as an endorsement of his actions, further angering King Philip II of Spain.
5. Economic Impact: The vast wealth Drake brought back to England $estimated at £400,000$ significantly boosted the English economy and demonstrated the potential profitability of overseas ventures.
6. Technological and Navigational Advancements: The voyage contributed to improved shipbuilding techniques, navigational skills, and geographical knowledge, enhancing England's maritime capabilities.

Highlight: Drake's circumnavigation played a crucial role in shifting the balance of power in Europe, contributing to England's rise as a naval superpower and setting the stage for future colonial expansion.

Example: The knowledge gained from Drake's voyage directly influenced later explorers like James Cook, who would further expand England's global reach.

These consequences collectively transformed England's position on the world stage, marking Drake's circumnavigation as a pivotal moment in both English and world history. For students studying Francis Drake GCSE history, understanding these wide-ranging impacts is essential to grasp the full significance of this remarkable journey.

Drake's Motivations and Preparations

Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the globe was a complex undertaking driven by multiple objectives. Understanding these motivations is crucial for students studying Drake's circumnavigation GCSE history.

Drake's aims included:

• Seeking revenge for the Spanish attack on John Hawkins' fleet in 1568
• Capturing Spanish gold, silver, and treasure to enrich England
• Weakening Catholic Spain, reflecting Drake's Puritan beliefs
• Claiming new lands for Queen Elizabeth I to expand English power
• Establishing new and improved trade routes for England's benefit

The expedition was meticulously planned, with Drake assembling a fleet of five ships:

• The Golden Hind $Drake's flagship$
• The Marigold
• The Swan
• The Christopher
• The Elizabeth

A total of 164 sailors embarked on this perilous journey, setting sail from Plymouth with the tacit approval of Queen Elizabeth I.

Highlight: Drake's voyage was not merely an exploratory mission but a multifaceted endeavor combining piracy, exploration, and geopolitical strategy.

Vocabulary: Privateer - A private person or ship authorized by a government to attack foreign vessels during wartime.

Example: Drake's role as a privateer allowed him to legally plunder Spanish ships and settlements, blurring the line between exploration and piracy.