Elektronske komponente so kot LEGO kocke vseh elektronskih naprav -... Show more
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Updated Apr 20, 2026
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Osnovne elektronske komponente in njihova uporaba
1 / 10
Osnove in ključni pojmi
Napetost, tok in upornost so tri najboljše prijatelje v elektroniki. Napetost (U) je kot tlak v vodi - žene elektroni naprej in jo merimo v voltih. Tok (I) je gibanje elektronov po žici, merjen v amperih. Upornost (R) pa je kot ozka cev, ki upočasni pretok - merimo jo v ohmih.
Ohmov zakon je tvoja najljubša formula: U = I × R. To moraš znati na pamet! S to formulo rešiš večino nalog iz elektronike.
Komponente delimo na pasivne in aktivne . Aktivne komponente so narejene iz polprevodnikov in so bolj "pametne".
💡 Nasvet: Ohmov zakon si zapomni z "UIR" - kot "u, ir" (gremo). U = I × R!
Upor in kondenzator
Upor je najpreprosteša komponenta - njegova edina naloga je zavirati tok. Električno energijo pretvarja v toploto, zato se včasih segreje. Vrednost prebereš iz barvnih črt na ohišju (to se moraš naučiti za laboratorij).
Upore uporabljamo za zaščito občutljivih komponent pred prevelikim tokom in za nastavljanje napetosti. Brez upora bi LED dioda "pogorela" takoj!
Kondenzator je kot majhna baterija, ki se hitro polni in prazni. Sestavljen je iz dveh kovinskih plošč, ločenih z izolatorjem. Kapacitivnost merimo v faradih, a ker je farad ogromna enota, v praksi uporabljamo mikrofarade (µF).
Kondenzatorji so odlični za filtriranje - iz "tresočega" toka naredijo gladek tok. Enosmerni tok blokirajo, izmeničnega pa prepuščajo.
⚠️ Pozor: Nekateri kondenzatorji imajo polariteto - če jih obrneš narobe, lahko eksplodirajo!
Tuljava in dioda
Tuljava je navita žica, ki shranjuje energijo v magnetnem polju. Ko skušaš spremeniti tok skozi tuljavo, se ta "upira" - to se imenuje induktivnost. Merimo jo v henryjih.
Tuljave so ključne za transformatorje (spreminjanje napetosti) in filtre za ločevanje različnih frekvenc. V kombinaciji s kondenzatorji naredijo močne filtre.
Dioda je kot enosmerni ventil - tok prepusti samo v eno smer. Ima anodo (+) in katodo (-), katoda je na ohišju označena s črto. V pravi smeri vodi tok, v narobe pa ga popolnoma blokira.
Diode uporabljamo v polnilcih za telefone - spremenijo izmenični tok iz vtičnice v enosmerni tok za baterijo. LED diode so posebne diode, ki ob pretoku toka svetijo.
💡 Fora: Puščica v simbolu diode kaže smer, v katero tok lahko teče!
Tranzistor - kralj komponent
Tranzistor je najzanimivejša komponenta - deluje kot pametno stikalo ali ojačevalnik. Z majhnim tokom na bazi (B) krmiliš velik tok med kolektorjem (C) in emitorjem (E).
To je kot da z majhnim pritiskom na tipko vklopiš motor - tranzistor ti omogoča krmiljenje velikih tokov z majhnimi signali. Obstajata tipa NPN in PNP - razlikujeta se v smeri delovanja.
Tranzistorji so osnova vseh računalnikov - milijarde majhnih tranzistorjev opravljajo logične operacije. V tvoje telefonu jih je več kot ljudi na Zemlji!
Uporabljamo jih kot elektronska stikala in ojačevalnike (ojačevanje signala iz mikrofona).
🤯 Zanimivost: Brez tranzistorja ne bi imeli računalnikov, interneta ali pametnih telefonov!
Praktični primeri in izračuni
Za LED diodo vedno potrebuješ upor! LED na 2V priključiš na 9V baterijo. Napetost na uporu: 9V - 2V = 7V. Pri toku 20mA : R = 7V ÷ 0,02A = 350Ω.
V preprostem vezju z 5V in uporom 1kΩ teče tok: I = 5V ÷ 1000Ω = 0,005A = 5mA. Ohmov zakon deluje vedno!
Polariteta je ključna - elektrolitski kondenzatorji, diode in tranzistorji morajo biti priključeni pravilno, sicer se pokvarijo. Upori, keramični kondenzatorji in tuljave pa nimajo polaritete.
Pred vklopom vezja vedno preveri povezavo! Največkrat se pokvarijo komponente zaradi napačnega vezanja.
📋 Za test: Znaj simbole, Ohmov zakon in funkcijo vsake komponente!
We thought you’d never ask...
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Osnovne elektronske komponente in njihova uporaba
Elektronske komponente so kot LEGO kocke vseh elektronskih naprav - od telefona do računalnika. Če razumeš, kako deluje teh pet osnovnih komponent, boš razumel skoraj vse elektronske naprave okoli sebe.
Osnove in ključni pojmi
Napetost, tok in upornost so tri najboljše prijatelje v elektroniki. Napetost (U) je kot tlak v vodi - žene elektroni naprej in jo merimo v voltih. Tok (I) je gibanje elektronov po žici, merjen v amperih. Upornost (R) pa je kot ozka cev, ki upočasni pretok - merimo jo v ohmih.
Ohmov zakon je tvoja najljubša formula: U = I × R. To moraš znati na pamet! S to formulo rešiš večino nalog iz elektronike.
Komponente delimo na pasivne in aktivne . Aktivne komponente so narejene iz polprevodnikov in so bolj "pametne".
💡 Nasvet: Ohmov zakon si zapomni z "UIR" - kot "u, ir" (gremo). U = I × R!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Upor in kondenzator
Upor je najpreprosteša komponenta - njegova edina naloga je zavirati tok. Električno energijo pretvarja v toploto, zato se včasih segreje. Vrednost prebereš iz barvnih črt na ohišju (to se moraš naučiti za laboratorij).
Upore uporabljamo za zaščito občutljivih komponent pred prevelikim tokom in za nastavljanje napetosti. Brez upora bi LED dioda "pogorela" takoj!
Kondenzator je kot majhna baterija, ki se hitro polni in prazni. Sestavljen je iz dveh kovinskih plošč, ločenih z izolatorjem. Kapacitivnost merimo v faradih, a ker je farad ogromna enota, v praksi uporabljamo mikrofarade (µF).
Kondenzatorji so odlični za filtriranje - iz "tresočega" toka naredijo gladek tok. Enosmerni tok blokirajo, izmeničnega pa prepuščajo.
⚠️ Pozor: Nekateri kondenzatorji imajo polariteto - če jih obrneš narobe, lahko eksplodirajo!
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Tuljava in dioda
Tuljava je navita žica, ki shranjuje energijo v magnetnem polju. Ko skušaš spremeniti tok skozi tuljavo, se ta "upira" - to se imenuje induktivnost. Merimo jo v henryjih.
Tuljave so ključne za transformatorje (spreminjanje napetosti) in filtre za ločevanje različnih frekvenc. V kombinaciji s kondenzatorji naredijo močne filtre.
Dioda je kot enosmerni ventil - tok prepusti samo v eno smer. Ima anodo (+) in katodo (-), katoda je na ohišju označena s črto. V pravi smeri vodi tok, v narobe pa ga popolnoma blokira.
Diode uporabljamo v polnilcih za telefone - spremenijo izmenični tok iz vtičnice v enosmerni tok za baterijo. LED diode so posebne diode, ki ob pretoku toka svetijo.
💡 Fora: Puščica v simbolu diode kaže smer, v katero tok lahko teče!
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Improve your grades
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Tranzistor - kralj komponent
Tranzistor je najzanimivejša komponenta - deluje kot pametno stikalo ali ojačevalnik. Z majhnim tokom na bazi (B) krmiliš velik tok med kolektorjem (C) in emitorjem (E).
To je kot da z majhnim pritiskom na tipko vklopiš motor - tranzistor ti omogoča krmiljenje velikih tokov z majhnimi signali. Obstajata tipa NPN in PNP - razlikujeta se v smeri delovanja.
Tranzistorji so osnova vseh računalnikov - milijarde majhnih tranzistorjev opravljajo logične operacije. V tvoje telefonu jih je več kot ljudi na Zemlji!
Uporabljamo jih kot elektronska stikala in ojačevalnike (ojačevanje signala iz mikrofona).
🤯 Zanimivost: Brez tranzistorja ne bi imeli računalnikov, interneta ali pametnih telefonov!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Praktični primeri in izračuni
Za LED diodo vedno potrebuješ upor! LED na 2V priključiš na 9V baterijo. Napetost na uporu: 9V - 2V = 7V. Pri toku 20mA : R = 7V ÷ 0,02A = 350Ω.
V preprostem vezju z 5V in uporom 1kΩ teče tok: I = 5V ÷ 1000Ω = 0,005A = 5mA. Ohmov zakon deluje vedno!
Polariteta je ključna - elektrolitski kondenzatorji, diode in tranzistorji morajo biti priključeni pravilno, sicer se pokvarijo. Upori, keramični kondenzatorji in tuljave pa nimajo polaritete.
Pred vklopom vezja vedno preveri povezavo! Največkrat se pokvarijo komponente zaradi napačnega vezanja.
📋 Za test: Znaj simbole, Ohmov zakon in funkcijo vsake komponente!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user