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jess๐
15/12/2025
Spanish
spanish grammar
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15 Dec 2025
โข
Comprehensive Spanish Grammar Guide
jess๐
@jesst888
1 / 6
Spanish Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives
Every Spanish noun has both a gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Think of gender as a category rather than anything to do with male/female - it's just how Spanish organises words.
Masculine nouns typically end in -o, while feminine nouns usually end in -a. But watch out for exceptions like -d, -z, or -iรณn endings (usually feminine) and accented vowels or -ma endings (often masculine). Plural forms simply add -s to vowel endings or -es to consonant endings.
Articles must match their noun's gender and number: el/la (the), un/una , los/las (the plural), unos/unas (some). Adjectives follow the same matching rule and usually come after the noun they describe, unlike in English.
Quick Tip: Most adjectives that end in -o/-a change to match gender, whilst those ending in -e or consonants often stay the same for both genders.
Spanish Numbers, Possessives, and Demonstratives
Cardinal numbers (one, two, three) work like adjectives but don't change gender except for uno/una and cien. You'll use these constantly for time, dates, and age. Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) do change to match gender and number and usually go before the noun.
Possessive adjectives show ownership and come in two forms. Short-form (mi, tu, su) go before nouns without articles, while long-form (mรญo, tuyo, suyo) go after nouns and often use articles. Remember, they agree with what's owned, not who owns it.
Demonstrative adjectives point things out based on distance. Use este/esta (this) for things near you, ese/esa (that) for things near the listener, and aquel/aquella (that over there) for distant objects. They must match the noun's gender and number.
Memory Trick: Think of demonstratives as a zoom lens - este , ese (medium shot), aquel (long shot).
Spanish Pronouns and Prepositions
Subject pronouns (yo, tรบ, รฉl, ella) replace nouns as sentence subjects, though Spanish often drops them since verb endings show who's doing the action. Possessive pronouns (el mรญo, la tuya) replace entire noun phrases and almost always use definite articles.
Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la) replace things directly receiving action, while indirect object pronouns (me, te, le) show to whom or for whom something happens. They go before conjugated verbs, and when used together, indirect comes first.
Prepositions link words together and show relationships. The trickiest pair is por vs. para - por deals with reason, duration, and movement through, whilst para handles destination, purpose, and deadlines. Reflexive verbs use special pronouns (me, te, se) when the subject does something to itself.
Real-world Connection: Think of object pronouns like shortcuts in texting - they replace longer phrases to make communication faster and smoother.
Spanish Verb Basics and Present Tenses
Spanish verbs change their endings based on who's doing the action and when it happens. Infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir, and each group follows specific patterns when conjugated.
The present tense handles current actions, habits, and near future plans. Regular verbs follow predictable patterns, but watch for stem-changing verbs where the vowel in the middle changes (eโie, oโue, eโi). Common verbs like ser, estar, and ir are completely irregular and need memorising.
Present perfect tense uses haber plus past participles to discuss recent events or actions continuing into now. Ser vs. estar both mean "to be" but ser describes permanent characteristics whilst estar covers temporary states and locations.
Study Strategy: Focus on high-frequency irregular verbs first - they appear everywhere and mastering them early pays huge dividends.
Spanish Past and Future Tenses
The preterite tense describes completed past actions with specific timeframes. Regular endings follow patterns, but many common verbs have irregular stems or spelling changes. Imperfect tense handles ongoing past actions, habits, and background descriptions.
Future tense comes in two flavours: informal for planned actions and formal for predictions and promises. Conditional tense expresses hypothetical situations and polite requests using the same endings as imperfect but attached to infinitives.
Perfect tenses combine forms of haber with past participles. Past perfect shows actions completed before other past events, whilst future perfect and conditional perfect handle complex time relationships in future and hypothetical contexts.
Time-saver: Master the informal future first (voy a estudiar) since it's easier to form and extremely common in everyday speech.
Spanish Commands and Subjunctive Mood
Imperative mood creates direct commands. Informal commands use present indicative forms for positive tรบ commands but switch to subjunctive forms for negative ones. Formal commands always use subjunctive forms, making them more consistent.
Subjunctive mood expresses doubt, desire, emotion, and hypothetical situations. Present subjunctive starts with the yo form, drops the -o, and adds opposite endings . Many irregular verbs have unique subjunctive forms.
Imperfect subjunctive has two interchangeable sets of endings and often appears in "if" clauses and polite expressions. Perfect subjunctive tenses combine subjunctive forms of haber with past participles to handle complex time relationships involving doubt or emotion.
Key Insight: The subjunctive isn't about time - it's about attitude. Use it when expressing feelings, doubts, or unreality rather than stating facts.
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Comprehensive Spanish Grammar Guide
jess๐
@jesst888
Spanish grammar might seem overwhelming at first, but once you understand the basic patterns, everything starts clicking into place. This overview breaks down all the essential Spanish grammar concepts you'll need to master, from nouns and adjectives to complex verb... Show more
Spanish Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives
Every Spanish noun has both a gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Think of gender as a category rather than anything to do with male/female - it's just how Spanish organises words.
Masculine nouns typically end in -o, while feminine nouns usually end in -a. But watch out for exceptions like -d, -z, or -iรณn endings (usually feminine) and accented vowels or -ma endings (often masculine). Plural forms simply add -s to vowel endings or -es to consonant endings.
Articles must match their noun's gender and number: el/la (the), un/una , los/las (the plural), unos/unas (some). Adjectives follow the same matching rule and usually come after the noun they describe, unlike in English.
Quick Tip: Most adjectives that end in -o/-a change to match gender, whilst those ending in -e or consonants often stay the same for both genders.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Join milions of students
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Spanish Numbers, Possessives, and Demonstratives
Cardinal numbers (one, two, three) work like adjectives but don't change gender except for uno/una and cien. You'll use these constantly for time, dates, and age. Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) do change to match gender and number and usually go before the noun.
Possessive adjectives show ownership and come in two forms. Short-form (mi, tu, su) go before nouns without articles, while long-form (mรญo, tuyo, suyo) go after nouns and often use articles. Remember, they agree with what's owned, not who owns it.
Demonstrative adjectives point things out based on distance. Use este/esta (this) for things near you, ese/esa (that) for things near the listener, and aquel/aquella (that over there) for distant objects. They must match the noun's gender and number.
Memory Trick: Think of demonstratives as a zoom lens - este , ese (medium shot), aquel (long shot).
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Spanish Pronouns and Prepositions
Subject pronouns (yo, tรบ, รฉl, ella) replace nouns as sentence subjects, though Spanish often drops them since verb endings show who's doing the action. Possessive pronouns (el mรญo, la tuya) replace entire noun phrases and almost always use definite articles.
Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la) replace things directly receiving action, while indirect object pronouns (me, te, le) show to whom or for whom something happens. They go before conjugated verbs, and when used together, indirect comes first.
Prepositions link words together and show relationships. The trickiest pair is por vs. para - por deals with reason, duration, and movement through, whilst para handles destination, purpose, and deadlines. Reflexive verbs use special pronouns (me, te, se) when the subject does something to itself.
Real-world Connection: Think of object pronouns like shortcuts in texting - they replace longer phrases to make communication faster and smoother.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Spanish Verb Basics and Present Tenses
Spanish verbs change their endings based on who's doing the action and when it happens. Infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir, and each group follows specific patterns when conjugated.
The present tense handles current actions, habits, and near future plans. Regular verbs follow predictable patterns, but watch for stem-changing verbs where the vowel in the middle changes (eโie, oโue, eโi). Common verbs like ser, estar, and ir are completely irregular and need memorising.
Present perfect tense uses haber plus past participles to discuss recent events or actions continuing into now. Ser vs. estar both mean "to be" but ser describes permanent characteristics whilst estar covers temporary states and locations.
Study Strategy: Focus on high-frequency irregular verbs first - they appear everywhere and mastering them early pays huge dividends.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Spanish Past and Future Tenses
The preterite tense describes completed past actions with specific timeframes. Regular endings follow patterns, but many common verbs have irregular stems or spelling changes. Imperfect tense handles ongoing past actions, habits, and background descriptions.
Future tense comes in two flavours: informal for planned actions and formal for predictions and promises. Conditional tense expresses hypothetical situations and polite requests using the same endings as imperfect but attached to infinitives.
Perfect tenses combine forms of haber with past participles. Past perfect shows actions completed before other past events, whilst future perfect and conditional perfect handle complex time relationships in future and hypothetical contexts.
Time-saver: Master the informal future first (voy a estudiar) since it's easier to form and extremely common in everyday speech.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Spanish Commands and Subjunctive Mood
Imperative mood creates direct commands. Informal commands use present indicative forms for positive tรบ commands but switch to subjunctive forms for negative ones. Formal commands always use subjunctive forms, making them more consistent.
Subjunctive mood expresses doubt, desire, emotion, and hypothetical situations. Present subjunctive starts with the yo form, drops the -o, and adds opposite endings . Many irregular verbs have unique subjunctive forms.
Imperfect subjunctive has two interchangeable sets of endings and often appears in "if" clauses and polite expressions. Perfect subjunctive tenses combine subjunctive forms of haber with past participles to handle complex time relationships involving doubt or emotion.
Key Insight: The subjunctive isn't about time - it's about attitude. Use it when expressing feelings, doubts, or unreality rather than stating facts.
We thought youโd never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Conjugaciones Verbales
Most popular content in Spanish
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English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us โ and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user