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Why Some Kids Do Better in School: Ethnic differences in the UK

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Maisie Wood

19/05/2023

Sociology

Sociology AQA - Ethnic Differences in Educational Achievement

Why Some Kids Do Better in School: Ethnic differences in the UK

This transcript discusses ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK, focusing on internal factors within the education system that contribute to these disparities. It explores topics such as institutional racism in education system, labelling theory effects on minority students, and the impact of school curricula and pupil identities on academic performance.

The document highlights how various ethnic groups perform differently in education, with Chinese and Indian students often achieving above average results, while some Black and Roma students face challenges. It examines how teacher expectations, school policies, and cultural representation in curricula can influence student outcomes.

Key points include:

  • The role of institutional racism in education
  • The impact of teacher labelling and expectations on student performance
  • The influence of an ethnocentric curriculum on minority students
  • The effect of pupil identities and subcultures on academic achievement
  • Disparities in access to educational opportunities for different ethnic groups
...

19/05/2023

1087

Higher levels of Achievement
Chinese pupils are the highest achievers at GCSE.
Indian pupils and students from mixed ethnicity
backgrounds t

View

Pupil Identities and Responses to Educational Stereotypes

This page delves deeper into the concept of pupil identities and how they are shaped by teacher perceptions and societal stereotypes. It explores the notion of the 'ideal' versus 'pathologized' pupil identity and how these constructs affect ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK.

The page begins by introducing Archer's (2008) analysis of dominant discourse in education and how it shapes perceptions of different ethnic groups.

Definition: Pupil identity - The way students are perceived and categorized within the educational system, often influenced by racial, cultural, and socioeconomic factors.

Three main pupil identities are described:

  1. Ideal Pupil: Typically white, middle-class with a masculine identity and normal sexuality. Their achievements are attributed to natural ability and initiative.

  2. Pathologised Pupil: Often Asian, seen as the 'deserving poor' with a feminized identity and asexual or repressed sexuality. Their achievements are viewed as the result of hard work rather than natural talent.

  3. Demonised Pupil: Usually black or white working-class, with a hyper-sexualized identity. They are seen as peer-led, culturally deprived, and underachieving.

Highlight: Even successful pupils from ethnic minority backgrounds can be pathologized. For example, Chinese pupils are often praised for their success but simultaneously viewed negatively by teachers who perceive their achievements as the result of conformity and hard work rather than natural ability.

The concept of 'negative positive stereotype' is introduced, referring to situations where teachers praise certain ethnic groups while simultaneously holding negative assumptions about their cultural backgrounds.

Example: Teachers might stereotype Chinese families as 'tight' or 'close' to explain passive pupil behavior, or wrongly assume that South Asian girls are oppressed by their families.

The page concludes by touching on pupil responses and subcultures, explaining how students react to stereotypes and form their own peer groups within schools.

Quote: Fuller (1984) studied a group of Year 11 black girls and "found they were high achievers in a school that put black girls in low streams. They used their anger about racism to motivate themselves to succeed."

This research highlights how some students actively reject negative labels and use their frustration with the system as motivation to succeed academically, challenging the stereotypes imposed upon them.

Higher levels of Achievement
Chinese pupils are the highest achievers at GCSE.
Indian pupils and students from mixed ethnicity
backgrounds t

View

Pupil Responses and Subcultures in Education

This page continues the discussion on how pupils respond to stereotypes and form subcultures within the school environment, further exploring the factors contributing to ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK.

The page begins by elaborating on Fuller's (1984) study of Year 11 black girls, which demonstrated how some students actively resist negative labelling and use their experiences of racism as motivation to succeed academically.

Highlight: This research challenges the notion that all students from minority backgrounds internalize negative stereotypes, showing instead that some develop strategies to overcome systemic barriers.

The concept of pupil subcultures is explored in more depth, examining how students form groups in response to their experiences within the education system. These subcultures can have a significant impact on academic performance and attitudes towards education.

Definition: Pupil subcultures - Groups formed by students within the school environment, often based on shared experiences, attitudes, or responses to the educational system.

The page likely discusses various types of subcultures that may emerge, such as pro-school, anti-school, or those that balance academic success with maintaining cultural identity. These subcultures can influence how students engage with their education and respond to teacher expectations.

Example: A pro-school subculture among some Asian students might reinforce high academic expectations, while an anti-school subculture among some black students could be a response to perceived institutional racism.

The impact of labelling theory effects on minority students is further examined, showing how students' responses to labelling can vary. Some may internalize negative labels, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies of underachievement, while others might actively resist these labels and strive for success.

Vocabulary: Self-fulfilling prophecy - A prediction that causes itself to become true due to the behavior it inspires.

The page may also touch on the intersection of ethnicity, gender, and class in shaping pupil responses and subcultures. This intersectional approach helps to explain the complex dynamics at play in educational achievement among different ethnic groups.

Quote: Archer and Francis note the "negative positive stereotype" where teachers may praise certain ethnic groups while simultaneously holding negative assumptions about their cultural backgrounds.

This concept highlights the nuanced nature of stereotyping in education and how even seemingly positive stereotypes can have detrimental effects on students' educational experiences and outcomes.

The page concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding pupil responses and subcultures in addressing ethnic differences in educational achievement UK. It suggests that recognizing and addressing these dynamics is crucial for creating a more equitable education system that supports the success of all students, regardless of their ethnic background.

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Why Some Kids Do Better in School: Ethnic differences in the UK

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Maisie Wood

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This transcript discusses ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK, focusing on internal factors within the education system that contribute to these disparities. It explores topics such as institutional racism in education system, labelling theory effects on minority students, and the impact of school curricula and pupil identities on academic performance.

The document highlights how various ethnic groups perform differently in education, with Chinese and Indian students often achieving above average results, while some Black and Roma students face challenges. It examines how teacher expectations, school policies, and cultural representation in curricula can influence student outcomes.

Key points include:

  • The role of institutional racism in education
  • The impact of teacher labelling and expectations on student performance
  • The influence of an ethnocentric curriculum on minority students
  • The effect of pupil identities and subcultures on academic achievement
  • Disparities in access to educational opportunities for different ethnic groups
...

19/05/2023

1087

 

12/13

 

Sociology

43

Higher levels of Achievement
Chinese pupils are the highest achievers at GCSE.
Indian pupils and students from mixed ethnicity
backgrounds t

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Pupil Identities and Responses to Educational Stereotypes

This page delves deeper into the concept of pupil identities and how they are shaped by teacher perceptions and societal stereotypes. It explores the notion of the 'ideal' versus 'pathologized' pupil identity and how these constructs affect ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK.

The page begins by introducing Archer's (2008) analysis of dominant discourse in education and how it shapes perceptions of different ethnic groups.

Definition: Pupil identity - The way students are perceived and categorized within the educational system, often influenced by racial, cultural, and socioeconomic factors.

Three main pupil identities are described:

  1. Ideal Pupil: Typically white, middle-class with a masculine identity and normal sexuality. Their achievements are attributed to natural ability and initiative.

  2. Pathologised Pupil: Often Asian, seen as the 'deserving poor' with a feminized identity and asexual or repressed sexuality. Their achievements are viewed as the result of hard work rather than natural talent.

  3. Demonised Pupil: Usually black or white working-class, with a hyper-sexualized identity. They are seen as peer-led, culturally deprived, and underachieving.

Highlight: Even successful pupils from ethnic minority backgrounds can be pathologized. For example, Chinese pupils are often praised for their success but simultaneously viewed negatively by teachers who perceive their achievements as the result of conformity and hard work rather than natural ability.

The concept of 'negative positive stereotype' is introduced, referring to situations where teachers praise certain ethnic groups while simultaneously holding negative assumptions about their cultural backgrounds.

Example: Teachers might stereotype Chinese families as 'tight' or 'close' to explain passive pupil behavior, or wrongly assume that South Asian girls are oppressed by their families.

The page concludes by touching on pupil responses and subcultures, explaining how students react to stereotypes and form their own peer groups within schools.

Quote: Fuller (1984) studied a group of Year 11 black girls and "found they were high achievers in a school that put black girls in low streams. They used their anger about racism to motivate themselves to succeed."

This research highlights how some students actively reject negative labels and use their frustration with the system as motivation to succeed academically, challenging the stereotypes imposed upon them.

Higher levels of Achievement
Chinese pupils are the highest achievers at GCSE.
Indian pupils and students from mixed ethnicity
backgrounds t

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Pupil Responses and Subcultures in Education

This page continues the discussion on how pupils respond to stereotypes and form subcultures within the school environment, further exploring the factors contributing to ethnic differences in educational achievement in the UK.

The page begins by elaborating on Fuller's (1984) study of Year 11 black girls, which demonstrated how some students actively resist negative labelling and use their experiences of racism as motivation to succeed academically.

Highlight: This research challenges the notion that all students from minority backgrounds internalize negative stereotypes, showing instead that some develop strategies to overcome systemic barriers.

The concept of pupil subcultures is explored in more depth, examining how students form groups in response to their experiences within the education system. These subcultures can have a significant impact on academic performance and attitudes towards education.

Definition: Pupil subcultures - Groups formed by students within the school environment, often based on shared experiences, attitudes, or responses to the educational system.

The page likely discusses various types of subcultures that may emerge, such as pro-school, anti-school, or those that balance academic success with maintaining cultural identity. These subcultures can influence how students engage with their education and respond to teacher expectations.

Example: A pro-school subculture among some Asian students might reinforce high academic expectations, while an anti-school subculture among some black students could be a response to perceived institutional racism.

The impact of labelling theory effects on minority students is further examined, showing how students' responses to labelling can vary. Some may internalize negative labels, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies of underachievement, while others might actively resist these labels and strive for success.

Vocabulary: Self-fulfilling prophecy - A prediction that causes itself to become true due to the behavior it inspires.

The page may also touch on the intersection of ethnicity, gender, and class in shaping pupil responses and subcultures. This intersectional approach helps to explain the complex dynamics at play in educational achievement among different ethnic groups.

Quote: Archer and Francis note the "negative positive stereotype" where teachers may praise certain ethnic groups while simultaneously holding negative assumptions about their cultural backgrounds.

This concept highlights the nuanced nature of stereotyping in education and how even seemingly positive stereotypes can have detrimental effects on students' educational experiences and outcomes.

The page concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding pupil responses and subcultures in addressing ethnic differences in educational achievement UK. It suggests that recognizing and addressing these dynamics is crucial for creating a more equitable education system that supports the success of all students, regardless of their ethnic background.

Higher levels of Achievement
Chinese pupils are the highest achievers at GCSE.
Indian pupils and students from mixed ethnicity
backgrounds t

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Ethnic Differences in Educational Achievement: Internal Factors

This page explores the internal factors within the UK education system that contribute to ethnic differences in educational achievement. It begins by highlighting the varying levels of achievement among different ethnic groups and then delves into the institutional factors that may explain these disparities.

The education system is described as institutionally racist, with policies and attitudes that unintentionally discriminate against ethnic minority groups. One key concept discussed is labelling theory, which suggests that teachers have different expectations for different ethnic minority groups.

Example: Gillborn's 1990 study found that teachers sometimes negatively label black students, seeing them as a challenge to school authority, while having high expectations for Asian students.

The impact of streaming is also addressed, with black students more likely to be placed in lower streams despite their abilities. This practice can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies of success or failure.

Highlight: The concept of the 'myth of the black challenge' is introduced, explaining how African-Caribbean students are more likely to be excluded from school due to perceived behavioral issues.

The page also discusses the marginalization of Asian pupils in primary schools, where teachers may hold ethnocentric views and inadvertently exclude these students from class discussions.

Quote: Wright (1992) found that "teachers hold ethnocentric views and assumed that Asian Pupils wouldn't understand their language so leave them out of class discussions or speak down to them."

The impact of marketisation and segregation in schools is explored, showing how negative stereotypes can affect school admissions processes.

Vocabulary: Ethnocentric - Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

The school curriculum is critiqued for its ethnocentric nature, often ignoring ethnic diversity and the history of Black and Asian pupils. This lack of representation is linked to underachievement among some ethnic minority groups.

Definition: Ethnocentric curriculum - A curriculum that primarily reflects the dominant culture's history, values, and perspectives, often neglecting or misrepresenting other cultural viewpoints.

Finally, the page addresses the issue of access to opportunities, highlighting how schools may enter pupils into higher or lower tiered exams based on labelling or bias. The 'Gifted and Talented Programmes' are mentioned as an example of how such opportunities can be unevenly distributed among ethnic groups.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

17 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 17 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.