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Updated Mar 20, 2026
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Historické korene spisovnej slovenčiny: Anton Bernolák a Ľudovít Štúr
1 / 6
Prehľad a základné pojmy
Predstav si Slovensko pred 19. storočím - každý región hovoril trochu inak, úrady používali maďarčinu alebo nemčinu a vzdelanci písali v latinčine. Presne takáto situácia viedla k potrebe kodifikácie - teda uzákonenia jednotného jazyka.
Kodifikácia je vlastne proces, keď jazykovedci povedia: "Takto sa bude písať a hovoriť správne!" Výsledkom je spisovný jazyk - najvyššia forma národného jazyka, ktorú používame v školách, médiách a úradoch.
Kým národný jazyk zahŕňa všetko - nárečia, slang aj hovorovú reč, spisovný jazyk má presné pravidlá. Jazyková norma určuje, čo je správne a čo nie, zatiaľ čo nárečia sú regionálne formy jazyka.
💡 Tip na zapamätanie: Kodifikácia = "návod na používanie" jazyka pre celý národ.
Bernolákovská kodifikácia (koniec 18. storočia)
Anton Bernolák (1762-1813) bol prvý, kto si povedal: "Slováci potrebujú vlastný jazyk!" Tento katolícky kňaz v roku 1787 vydal prvú kodifikačnú prácu a neskôr aj gramatiku (1790).
Bernolák si za základ vybral západoslovenské nárečie a držal sa zásady "píš, ako počuješ". Takže sa písalo geho namiesto jeho a ňebu namiesto nebo. Jeho jazyk mal jeden veľký problém - neprijali ho evanjelici.
Výsledok? Národ sa jazykovo rozdelil na katolíkov (bernolákovčina) a evanjelikov (biblická čeština). Ale Ján Hollý a ďalší básnici dokázali, že v bernolákovčine sa dá tvoriť krásna literatúra.
💡 Zaujímavosť: Bernolákova bernolákovčina používala len písmeno i, písmeno y vôbec neexistovalo!
Štúrovská kodifikácia (polovica 19. storočia)
Keď sa Ľudovít Štúr (1815-1856) rozhodol vytvoriť novú kodifikáciu, mal jasný cieľ - zjednotiť rozdelený národ. V roku 1843 sa dohodol s priateľmi na Hlbokom a o tri roky neskôr vydal "Náuku reči slovenskej".
Štúr sa rozhodol pre stredoslovenské nárečie, ktoré bolo kompromis medzi západom a východom. Zaviedol písmenká ä, ô, ĺ, ŕ a rytmický zákon, ale stále písal len i (nie y).
Táto kodifikácia bola úspešnejšia - zjednotila väčšinu Slovákov a stala sa základom pre modernú slovenčinu. Vďaka nej mohli tvoriť Hurban, Kalinčiak a ďalší veľkí spisovateli.
💡 Kľúčová vec: Štúrovčina je priamy predok našej dnešnej slovenčiny!
Hodžovsko-Hattalovská reforma (1852)
Po revolúcii 1848/49 bolo jasné, že treba posledné úpravy. Michal Miloslav Hodža (evanjelik) a Martin Hattala (katolík) vytvorili kompromisnú verziu v "Krátkej mluvnici slovenskej".
Najdôležitejšie zmeny? Vrátili písanie y a i podľa pôvodu slova (etymológie) a zaviedli ô. Takže namiesto bit aj pre byť sa začalo rozlišovať biť a byť. Namiesto koň sa začalo písať kôň.
Táto reforma je základom našej súčasnej slovenčiny. Konečne sa dosiahla jazyková jednota, ktorú chceli všetci kodifikátori.
| Bernolákovčina | Štúrovčina | Súčasná slovenčina |
|---|---|---|
| geho | jeho | jeho |
| ňebu | ňebo | nebo |
| koň | koň | kôň |
💡 Pre skúšku: Pamätaj si roky - 1787 (Bernolák), 1846 (Štúr), 1852 (Hodža, Hattala)!
Význam a príklady
Kodifikácia nebola len o gramatike - bola to bitka za národnú identitu. Bez jednotného jazyka by sme nemali slovenskú literatúru ani kultúru, akú poznáme dnes.
Pozri si, ako sa menil pravopis jedného slova:
- Bernolákovčina: dobri (všade len i)
- Štúrovčina: dobri (stále len i)
- Súčasná: dobrý (rozlišujeme y a i)
Každá kodifikácia mala svoje plus a mínus. Bernolák začal, ale rozdelil národ. Štúr zjednotil, ale mal extrémne prvky. Hodža s Hattalovom našli zlatú strednú cestu.
💡 Pre lepšie pochopenie: Kodifikácia = receptúra na jednotný jazyk, ktorý spája národ!
Rýchly súhrn na opakovanie
Prečo kodifikácia? Slováci potrebovali jednotný jazyk namiesto nárečí a cudzích jazykov.
Anton Bernolák (1787):
- Prvá kodifikácia založená na západoslovenčine
- "Píš, ako počuješ" - geho, ňebu
- Problém: rozdelil národ na katolíkov a evanjelikov
Ľudovít Štúr (1846):
- Stredoslovenčina ako kompromis
- Zaviedol ä, ô, ĺ, ŕ a rytmický zákon
- Úspech: zjednotil väčšinu národa
Hodža a Hattala (1852):
- Finálne úpravy štúrovčiny
- Vrátili y/i podľa etymológie, zaviedli ô
- Výsledok: základ dnešnej slovenčiny
💡 Záver: Tri kodifikácie = tri kroky k jednotnej slovenčine, ktorú dnes všetci používame!
We thought you’d never ask...
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Slovenský jazyk
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Historické korene spisovnej slovenčiny: Anton Bernolák a Ľudovít Štúr
Kodifikácia spisovnej slovenčiny je príbeh o tom, ako sme si vytvorili svoj jednotný jazyk. Je to proces, bez ktorého by sme dnes nemali to, čo považujeme za samozrejmosť - našu krásnu slovenčinu.
Prehľad a základné pojmy
Predstav si Slovensko pred 19. storočím - každý región hovoril trochu inak, úrady používali maďarčinu alebo nemčinu a vzdelanci písali v latinčine. Presne takáto situácia viedla k potrebe kodifikácie - teda uzákonenia jednotného jazyka.
Kodifikácia je vlastne proces, keď jazykovedci povedia: "Takto sa bude písať a hovoriť správne!" Výsledkom je spisovný jazyk - najvyššia forma národného jazyka, ktorú používame v školách, médiách a úradoch.
Kým národný jazyk zahŕňa všetko - nárečia, slang aj hovorovú reč, spisovný jazyk má presné pravidlá. Jazyková norma určuje, čo je správne a čo nie, zatiaľ čo nárečia sú regionálne formy jazyka.
💡 Tip na zapamätanie: Kodifikácia = "návod na používanie" jazyka pre celý národ.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Bernolákovská kodifikácia (koniec 18. storočia)
Anton Bernolák (1762-1813) bol prvý, kto si povedal: "Slováci potrebujú vlastný jazyk!" Tento katolícky kňaz v roku 1787 vydal prvú kodifikačnú prácu a neskôr aj gramatiku (1790).
Bernolák si za základ vybral západoslovenské nárečie a držal sa zásady "píš, ako počuješ". Takže sa písalo geho namiesto jeho a ňebu namiesto nebo. Jeho jazyk mal jeden veľký problém - neprijali ho evanjelici.
Výsledok? Národ sa jazykovo rozdelil na katolíkov (bernolákovčina) a evanjelikov (biblická čeština). Ale Ján Hollý a ďalší básnici dokázali, že v bernolákovčine sa dá tvoriť krásna literatúra.
💡 Zaujímavosť: Bernolákova bernolákovčina používala len písmeno i, písmeno y vôbec neexistovalo!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Štúrovská kodifikácia (polovica 19. storočia)
Keď sa Ľudovít Štúr (1815-1856) rozhodol vytvoriť novú kodifikáciu, mal jasný cieľ - zjednotiť rozdelený národ. V roku 1843 sa dohodol s priateľmi na Hlbokom a o tri roky neskôr vydal "Náuku reči slovenskej".
Štúr sa rozhodol pre stredoslovenské nárečie, ktoré bolo kompromis medzi západom a východom. Zaviedol písmenká ä, ô, ĺ, ŕ a rytmický zákon, ale stále písal len i (nie y).
Táto kodifikácia bola úspešnejšia - zjednotila väčšinu Slovákov a stala sa základom pre modernú slovenčinu. Vďaka nej mohli tvoriť Hurban, Kalinčiak a ďalší veľkí spisovateli.
💡 Kľúčová vec: Štúrovčina je priamy predok našej dnešnej slovenčiny!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Hodžovsko-Hattalovská reforma (1852)
Po revolúcii 1848/49 bolo jasné, že treba posledné úpravy. Michal Miloslav Hodža (evanjelik) a Martin Hattala (katolík) vytvorili kompromisnú verziu v "Krátkej mluvnici slovenskej".
Najdôležitejšie zmeny? Vrátili písanie y a i podľa pôvodu slova (etymológie) a zaviedli ô. Takže namiesto bit aj pre byť sa začalo rozlišovať biť a byť. Namiesto koň sa začalo písať kôň.
Táto reforma je základom našej súčasnej slovenčiny. Konečne sa dosiahla jazyková jednota, ktorú chceli všetci kodifikátori.
| Bernolákovčina | Štúrovčina | Súčasná slovenčina |
|---|---|---|
| geho | jeho | jeho |
| ňebu | ňebo | nebo |
| koň | koň | kôň |
💡 Pre skúšku: Pamätaj si roky - 1787 (Bernolák), 1846 (Štúr), 1852 (Hodža, Hattala)!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Význam a príklady
Kodifikácia nebola len o gramatike - bola to bitka za národnú identitu. Bez jednotného jazyka by sme nemali slovenskú literatúru ani kultúru, akú poznáme dnes.
Pozri si, ako sa menil pravopis jedného slova:
- Bernolákovčina: dobri (všade len i)
- Štúrovčina: dobri (stále len i)
- Súčasná: dobrý (rozlišujeme y a i)
Každá kodifikácia mala svoje plus a mínus. Bernolák začal, ale rozdelil národ. Štúr zjednotil, ale mal extrémne prvky. Hodža s Hattalovom našli zlatú strednú cestu.
💡 Pre lepšie pochopenie: Kodifikácia = receptúra na jednotný jazyk, ktorý spája národ!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Rýchly súhrn na opakovanie
Prečo kodifikácia? Slováci potrebovali jednotný jazyk namiesto nárečí a cudzích jazykov.
Anton Bernolák (1787):
- Prvá kodifikácia založená na západoslovenčine
- "Píš, ako počuješ" - geho, ňebu
- Problém: rozdelil národ na katolíkov a evanjelikov
Ľudovít Štúr (1846):
- Stredoslovenčina ako kompromis
- Zaviedol ä, ô, ĺ, ŕ a rytmický zákon
- Úspech: zjednotil väčšinu národa
Hodža a Hattala (1852):
- Finálne úpravy štúrovčiny
- Vrátili y/i podľa etymológie, zaviedli ô
- Výsledok: základ dnešnej slovenčiny
💡 Záver: Tri kodifikácie = tri kroky k jednotnej slovenčine, ktorú dnes všetci používame!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user