Básnické prostriedky a figúry sú tajné zbrane každého spisovateľa –... Show more
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Updated Mar 16, 2026
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Štylistické Prostriedky a Ich Prvky: Význam a Funkcie
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Základy básnických prostriedkov a figúr
Keď čítaš básne alebo prózu a niečo ti znie zvláštne krásne, pravdepodobne narazíš na básnické prostriedky. Sú to v podstate triky, ktorými autori robia svoj jazyk zaujímavejším a pôsobivejším.
Básnické prostriedky (trópy) menia pôvodný význam slov – napríklad keď povieš "more sĺz", nemieniš to doslova. Básnické figúry zase hrajú s usporiadaním slov vo vete alebo ich opakovaním, ale nemenia ich význam.
Rozdeľujeme ich na tri hlavné skupiny: zvukové (ako text znie), lexikálne (ako zmeníme význam slov) a syntaktické (ako poukladáme slová vo vete). Každý typ má svoju úlohu a dokáže vytvoriť úplne iný dojem.
Tip: Pri analýze sa nezameriavaj len na to, aký prostriedok autor použil, ale hlavne na to, prečo ho použil a aký má účinok!
Zvukové štylistické prostriedky
Títo "zvukoví kúzelníci" robia z textu skutočnú hudbu. Aliterácia opakuje rovnaké hlásky na začiatku slov – "Vetrík veje, vlny víria" znie ako skutočný vietor.
Rým poznáš určite najlepšie. Môže byť združený (aabb), striedavý (abab) alebo obkročný (abba). Asonancia je jeho menej známy bratranec – zhodujú sa len samohlásky, nie celé slová.
Onomatopoja napodobňuje zvuky priamo – "žbinkala", "tik-takala", "štekal". Vďaka nej text ožíva a takmer počuješ, čo sa deje.
Zaujímavosť: Zvukové prostriedky fungujú najlepšie, keď si text čítaš nahlas – skús to pri analýze!
Lexikálne štylistické prostriedky (trópy)
Tu sa veci začínajú komplikovať, ale zároveň aj zúžitkovať. Metafora prenáša význam na základe podobnosti – "čas sú peniaze" (obe sú cenné). Metonymia funguje na základe súvislosti – "čítam Hviezdoslava" (myslíš jeho diela).
Prirovnanie je najjednoduchšie rozoznať, pretože má spojky "ako", "sťa" alebo "než". Personifikácia dáva ľudské vlastnosti neživým veciam – "slnko sa usmieva", "vietor šepká".
Hyperbola zveličuje – "čakal som celú večnosť". Oxymoron spája protiklady – "živá mŕtvola", "mŕtve more". Vyzerá to absurdne, ale často to má hlboký zmysel.
Epiteton je umelecký prívlastok, ktorý nepopisuje len vlastnosť, ale pridáva emóciu – "šíry, vážny Dunaj".
Pozor: Metaforu si často mýľame s metonymiou! Metafora = podobnosť, metonymia = súvislosť.
Syntaktické štylistické prostriedky (figúry)
Tieto prostriedky hrajú s poriadkom a opakovaním slov. Anafora opakuje slová na začiatku veršov – "Ja som ten, čo hľadá. / Ja som ten, čo verí." Epifora robí opak – opakuje na konci.
Epizeuxa opakuje slová hneď za sebou – "bežal, bežal, bežal". Zdá sa to jednoduché, ale účinok je silný. Apostrofa oslovuje niekoho alebo niečo neprítomné – "Ó, Dunaj, prečo smútiš?"
Rečnícka otázka nečaká odpoveď – "Kto by to nevedel?" Antitéza je typická pre ľudové piesne: popretie, tvrdenie, vysvetlenie – "Nesvieti mesiačik, / to svieti moja milá."
Inverzia mení obvyklé poradie slov – "krásna je tá naša zem" namiesto "tá naša zem je krásna".
Praktický tip: V jednom verši často nájdeš viacero prostriedkov naraz – hľadaj všetky!
Praktické príklady a analýza
Pozrime si to na konkrétnych ukážkach. V úryvku "Kto za pravdu horí, v ohni zhynie" štyrikrát za sebou vidíš epizeuxu – opakovanie zdôrazňuje osudovosť a vytvára hypnotický rytmus.
V ľudovej piesni "Sadila som zemiaky, sadila som mak. Plakala som pre teba, plakala som tak" sa kombinuje paralelizmus (podobná štruktúra viet), anafora ("sadila som", "plakala som") a združený rým .
Veta "Slnko sa smialo, vietor tancoval, rieka si šepkala" obsahuje tri personifikácie. Príroda dostáva ľudské vlastnosti a text sa stáva živším a emocionálnejším.
Pri analýze si vždy polož otázku: Prečo to autor napísal práve takto? Aký to má účinok na mňa ako čitateľa?
Dôležité: Kontext rozhoduje! Ten istý prostriedek môže mať v rôznych textoch úplne iný význam.
Rýchle zhrnutie pre skúšku
Na skúšku si zapamätaj hlavné rozdelenie: trópy (menia význam), figúry (menia usporiadanie), zvukové prostriedky (ovplyvňujú zvuk). Najdôležitejšie je rozlišovať metaforu a metonymiu – prvá funguje na podobnosti, druhá na súvislosti.
Kľúčové trópy: metafora, metonymia, prirovnanie, personifikácia, epiteton, hyperbola, oxymoron. Hlavné figúry: anafora, epifora, epizeuxa, apostrofa, rečnícka otázka, antitéza, inverzia.
Zvukové prostriedky: aliterácia, asonancia, rým, onomatopoja. Každý má svoju špecifickú úlohu v texte.
Nezabúdaj – nestačí len pomenovať prostriedok, musíš vysvetliť jeho funkciu v texte. Prečo ho autor použil? Ako pôsobí na čitateľa? To je to, čo učiteľov zaujíma najviac.
Záverečná rada: Pri čítaní si všímaj, čo ťa zaujme alebo prekvapí – tam sa často skrývajú práve tieto prostriedky!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Slovenský jazyk
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Štylistické Prostriedky a Ich Prvky: Význam a Funkcie
Básnické prostriedky a figúry sú tajné zbrane každého spisovateľa – pomáhajú im vytvoriť pôsobivý text, ktorý ti dokáže vyvolať emócie aj po rokoch. Vďaka nim sa bežný jazyk mení na umenie, ktoré ťa dokáže rozosmiať, rozplakať alebo úplne očariť.
Základy básnických prostriedkov a figúr
Keď čítaš básne alebo prózu a niečo ti znie zvláštne krásne, pravdepodobne narazíš na básnické prostriedky. Sú to v podstate triky, ktorými autori robia svoj jazyk zaujímavejším a pôsobivejším.
Básnické prostriedky (trópy) menia pôvodný význam slov – napríklad keď povieš "more sĺz", nemieniš to doslova. Básnické figúry zase hrajú s usporiadaním slov vo vete alebo ich opakovaním, ale nemenia ich význam.
Rozdeľujeme ich na tri hlavné skupiny: zvukové (ako text znie), lexikálne (ako zmeníme význam slov) a syntaktické (ako poukladáme slová vo vete). Každý typ má svoju úlohu a dokáže vytvoriť úplne iný dojem.
Tip: Pri analýze sa nezameriavaj len na to, aký prostriedok autor použil, ale hlavne na to, prečo ho použil a aký má účinok!
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Zvukové štylistické prostriedky
Títo "zvukoví kúzelníci" robia z textu skutočnú hudbu. Aliterácia opakuje rovnaké hlásky na začiatku slov – "Vetrík veje, vlny víria" znie ako skutočný vietor.
Rým poznáš určite najlepšie. Môže byť združený (aabb), striedavý (abab) alebo obkročný (abba). Asonancia je jeho menej známy bratranec – zhodujú sa len samohlásky, nie celé slová.
Onomatopoja napodobňuje zvuky priamo – "žbinkala", "tik-takala", "štekal". Vďaka nej text ožíva a takmer počuješ, čo sa deje.
Zaujímavosť: Zvukové prostriedky fungujú najlepšie, keď si text čítaš nahlas – skús to pri analýze!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Lexikálne štylistické prostriedky (trópy)
Tu sa veci začínajú komplikovať, ale zároveň aj zúžitkovať. Metafora prenáša význam na základe podobnosti – "čas sú peniaze" (obe sú cenné). Metonymia funguje na základe súvislosti – "čítam Hviezdoslava" (myslíš jeho diela).
Prirovnanie je najjednoduchšie rozoznať, pretože má spojky "ako", "sťa" alebo "než". Personifikácia dáva ľudské vlastnosti neživým veciam – "slnko sa usmieva", "vietor šepká".
Hyperbola zveličuje – "čakal som celú večnosť". Oxymoron spája protiklady – "živá mŕtvola", "mŕtve more". Vyzerá to absurdne, ale často to má hlboký zmysel.
Epiteton je umelecký prívlastok, ktorý nepopisuje len vlastnosť, ale pridáva emóciu – "šíry, vážny Dunaj".
Pozor: Metaforu si často mýľame s metonymiou! Metafora = podobnosť, metonymia = súvislosť.
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Syntaktické štylistické prostriedky (figúry)
Tieto prostriedky hrajú s poriadkom a opakovaním slov. Anafora opakuje slová na začiatku veršov – "Ja som ten, čo hľadá. / Ja som ten, čo verí." Epifora robí opak – opakuje na konci.
Epizeuxa opakuje slová hneď za sebou – "bežal, bežal, bežal". Zdá sa to jednoduché, ale účinok je silný. Apostrofa oslovuje niekoho alebo niečo neprítomné – "Ó, Dunaj, prečo smútiš?"
Rečnícka otázka nečaká odpoveď – "Kto by to nevedel?" Antitéza je typická pre ľudové piesne: popretie, tvrdenie, vysvetlenie – "Nesvieti mesiačik, / to svieti moja milá."
Inverzia mení obvyklé poradie slov – "krásna je tá naša zem" namiesto "tá naša zem je krásna".
Praktický tip: V jednom verši často nájdeš viacero prostriedkov naraz – hľadaj všetky!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Praktické príklady a analýza
Pozrime si to na konkrétnych ukážkach. V úryvku "Kto za pravdu horí, v ohni zhynie" štyrikrát za sebou vidíš epizeuxu – opakovanie zdôrazňuje osudovosť a vytvára hypnotický rytmus.
V ľudovej piesni "Sadila som zemiaky, sadila som mak. Plakala som pre teba, plakala som tak" sa kombinuje paralelizmus (podobná štruktúra viet), anafora ("sadila som", "plakala som") a združený rým .
Veta "Slnko sa smialo, vietor tancoval, rieka si šepkala" obsahuje tri personifikácie. Príroda dostáva ľudské vlastnosti a text sa stáva živším a emocionálnejším.
Pri analýze si vždy polož otázku: Prečo to autor napísal práve takto? Aký to má účinok na mňa ako čitateľa?
Dôležité: Kontext rozhoduje! Ten istý prostriedek môže mať v rôznych textoch úplne iný význam.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Rýchle zhrnutie pre skúšku
Na skúšku si zapamätaj hlavné rozdelenie: trópy (menia význam), figúry (menia usporiadanie), zvukové prostriedky (ovplyvňujú zvuk). Najdôležitejšie je rozlišovať metaforu a metonymiu – prvá funguje na podobnosti, druhá na súvislosti.
Kľúčové trópy: metafora, metonymia, prirovnanie, personifikácia, epiteton, hyperbola, oxymoron. Hlavné figúry: anafora, epifora, epizeuxa, apostrofa, rečnícka otázka, antitéza, inverzia.
Zvukové prostriedky: aliterácia, asonancia, rým, onomatopoja. Každý má svoju špecifickú úlohu v texte.
Nezabúdaj – nestačí len pomenovať prostriedok, musíš vysvetliť jeho funkciu v texte. Prečo ho autor použil? Ako pôsobí na čitateľa? To je to, čo učiteľov zaujíma najviac.
Záverečná rada: Pri čítaní si všímaj, čo ťa zaujme alebo prekvapí – tam sa často skrývajú práve tieto prostriedky!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user