Subjects
Maths
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Religious Studies
12 Dec 2025
423
9 pages
bella @be1laxx
Natural Moral Law is a brilliant ethical framework created by 13th-century philosopher Thomas Aquinas that's still relevant today.... Show more
Ever wondered why you instinctively know that helping someone is good? Aquinas would say that's your synderesis - your built-in moral compass that naturally wants to "do good and avoid evil."
This deontological theory focuses on whether actions themselves are right or wrong, not just their outcomes. Aquinas believed God made everything good, including humans who are created in the "image of God" (imago dei).
The beauty of Natural Moral Law is that it's supposedly universal - applying to all people at all times. However, sometimes our emotions can overpower our reason, leading us to make poor moral choices.
Key Point Your instinct shows you what's good, and reason helps you figure out the right thing to do!
Think of morality like a pyramid with God at the top. Aquinas identified four levels of law that govern everything from physics to parking rules.
Eternal Law sits at the top - this is God's mind controlling the universe. We can't fully understand it, but we glimpse it through science and nature.
Divine Law comes through the Bible and Christ's teachings - basically God's direct instructions to humanity. Below that, Natural Law gives everyone an innate sense that good should be done and evil avoided.
Finally, Human Law covers everyday rules from legal systems to "Wet Paint" signs. Each level depends on the authority above it, with God as the ultimate source.
Remember Each law level gets its authority from the one above - it's like a moral chain of command!
Aquinas identified five fundamental human purposes that form the foundation of moral living. These primary precepts are Worship God, maintain Ordered society, Reproduce, Learn, and Defend innocent life.
From these flow secondary precepts - specific rules that help us fulfil the basic goods. For example, "attend Mass weekly" supports worship, whilst "don't murder" protects innocent life.
The difference between real goods and apparent goods is crucial here. Real goods involve doing the right thing for the right reason. Apparent goods happen when our reason goes wrong, leading us to think something immoral is actually good.
Both your exterior act (what you actually do) and interior act (your intention) matter equally for true moral behaviour.
Quick Tip Remember WORLD - Worship, Ordered society, Reproduce, Learn, Defend life!
Sometimes good actions have bad consequences - that's where the principle of double effect becomes essential. This clever addition helps navigate situations where doing good might cause unintended harm.
The doctrine requires four conditions the act itself must be good or neutral, your intention must be good, the good effect must outweigh the bad, and it must be a genuinely grave situation.
Consider a pregnant woman with uterine cancer. Removing the cancerous uterus saves her life but tragically kills the unborn baby. Since the intention is saving life (not ending it), and the death is an unintended side effect, this passes the double effect test.
This principle makes Natural Moral Law more practical for real-world dilemmas, though critics argue it's still too rigid for complex modern situations.
Real-World Application The doctrine helps medical professionals make difficult life-and-death decisions whilst maintaining moral integrity.
Proportionalism, developed by Bernard Hoose in the 20th century, tries to make Natural Moral Law more flexible. It suggests that whilst moral rules are generally fixed, you need to consider the specific situation and whether your response is proportionate.
The key idea is that "pre-moral evils" like pain or death can be justified if there's a proportional reason. It's about weighing up whether the good you're trying to achieve justifies the harm that might result.
However, proportionalism faces criticism for lacking a clear method of calculation. How do you objectively measure whether bombing Hiroshima was proportionate to ending World War II?
This modern addition reflects how Catholic thinking has evolved to address complex geopolitical and bioethical issues that Aquinas never encountered.
Think About It Proportionalism asks "Is this response fair given the circumstances?" rather than following rigid rules.
Natural Moral Law's greatest strength is providing concrete moral guidance that transcends individual cultures and religions. It offers a complete system for ethical living and supports core ideas most people agree with, like protecting innocent life.
The theory also underpins important documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, showing its continued relevance. Its focus on both actions and intentions creates a more holistic approach to ethics.
However, critics argue it's too rigid and legalistic, struggling with issues like homosexuality and contraception. The naturalistic fallacy - assuming what is natural is automatically good - creates problems when "natural" behaviour conflicts with modern ethical understanding.
Cultural relativism also challenges its universal claims, as different societies have varying moral values that don't always align with Aquinas's framework.
Bottom Line While Natural Moral Law provides valuable moral structure, its inflexibility can clash with contemporary ethical challenges.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
bella
@be1laxx
Natural Moral Law is a brilliant ethical framework created by 13th-century philosopher Thomas Aquinas that's still relevant today. Imagine having a moral GPS that guides you through tough ethical decisions - that's essentially what Aquinas created by combining reason with... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why you instinctively know that helping someone is good? Aquinas would say that's your synderesis - your built-in moral compass that naturally wants to "do good and avoid evil."
This deontological theory focuses on whether actions themselves are right or wrong, not just their outcomes. Aquinas believed God made everything good, including humans who are created in the "image of God" (imago dei).
The beauty of Natural Moral Law is that it's supposedly universal - applying to all people at all times. However, sometimes our emotions can overpower our reason, leading us to make poor moral choices.
Key Point: Your instinct shows you what's good, and reason helps you figure out the right thing to do!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of morality like a pyramid with God at the top. Aquinas identified four levels of law that govern everything from physics to parking rules.
Eternal Law sits at the top - this is God's mind controlling the universe. We can't fully understand it, but we glimpse it through science and nature.
Divine Law comes through the Bible and Christ's teachings - basically God's direct instructions to humanity. Below that, Natural Law gives everyone an innate sense that good should be done and evil avoided.
Finally, Human Law covers everyday rules from legal systems to "Wet Paint" signs. Each level depends on the authority above it, with God as the ultimate source.
Remember: Each law level gets its authority from the one above - it's like a moral chain of command!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Aquinas identified five fundamental human purposes that form the foundation of moral living. These primary precepts are: Worship God, maintain Ordered society, Reproduce, Learn, and Defend innocent life.
From these flow secondary precepts - specific rules that help us fulfil the basic goods. For example, "attend Mass weekly" supports worship, whilst "don't murder" protects innocent life.
The difference between real goods and apparent goods is crucial here. Real goods involve doing the right thing for the right reason. Apparent goods happen when our reason goes wrong, leading us to think something immoral is actually good.
Both your exterior act (what you actually do) and interior act (your intention) matter equally for true moral behaviour.
Quick Tip: Remember WORLD - Worship, Ordered society, Reproduce, Learn, Defend life!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sometimes good actions have bad consequences - that's where the principle of double effect becomes essential. This clever addition helps navigate situations where doing good might cause unintended harm.
The doctrine requires four conditions: the act itself must be good or neutral, your intention must be good, the good effect must outweigh the bad, and it must be a genuinely grave situation.
Consider a pregnant woman with uterine cancer. Removing the cancerous uterus saves her life but tragically kills the unborn baby. Since the intention is saving life (not ending it), and the death is an unintended side effect, this passes the double effect test.
This principle makes Natural Moral Law more practical for real-world dilemmas, though critics argue it's still too rigid for complex modern situations.
Real-World Application: The doctrine helps medical professionals make difficult life-and-death decisions whilst maintaining moral integrity.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Proportionalism, developed by Bernard Hoose in the 20th century, tries to make Natural Moral Law more flexible. It suggests that whilst moral rules are generally fixed, you need to consider the specific situation and whether your response is proportionate.
The key idea is that "pre-moral evils" like pain or death can be justified if there's a proportional reason. It's about weighing up whether the good you're trying to achieve justifies the harm that might result.
However, proportionalism faces criticism for lacking a clear method of calculation. How do you objectively measure whether bombing Hiroshima was proportionate to ending World War II?
This modern addition reflects how Catholic thinking has evolved to address complex geopolitical and bioethical issues that Aquinas never encountered.
Think About It: Proportionalism asks "Is this response fair given the circumstances?" rather than following rigid rules.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Natural Moral Law's greatest strength is providing concrete moral guidance that transcends individual cultures and religions. It offers a complete system for ethical living and supports core ideas most people agree with, like protecting innocent life.
The theory also underpins important documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, showing its continued relevance. Its focus on both actions and intentions creates a more holistic approach to ethics.
However, critics argue it's too rigid and legalistic, struggling with issues like homosexuality and contraception. The naturalistic fallacy - assuming what is natural is automatically good - creates problems when "natural" behaviour conflicts with modern ethical understanding.
Cultural relativism also challenges its universal claims, as different societies have varying moral values that don't always align with Aquinas's framework.
Bottom Line: While Natural Moral Law provides valuable moral structure, its inflexibility can clash with contemporary ethical challenges.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology