Milgram's Obedience Study
You've probably heard people say "I was just following orders" - well, Milgram wanted to test if ordinary people really would inflict pain on others simply because an authority figure told them to. His experiment has become one of the most famous (and controversial) studies in psychology.
The setup was brilliantly deceptive. Milgram recruited 40 male participants who thought they were taking part in a memory study. Each participant was assigned the role of "teacher" whilst a confederate (actor) played the "learner." The participants believed this was decided by chance, but it was actually rigged.
Here's where it gets intense. The "teacher" had to give the learner an electric shock every time they got a word association wrong, starting at 15V and increasing by 15V each time, all the way up to 450V. The shocks were fake, but the participants didn't know this. When participants hesitated, the experimenter used phrases like "please continue" and "you have no choice, you must go on."
Key Point: The learner's reactions escalated from mentioning a weak heart to screaming and banging on walls, making the situation incredibly realistic and distressing for participants.
The results were absolutely shocking. Every single participant gave shocks up to 300V, and a staggering 65% went all the way to 450V. Most participants showed extreme anxiety, with three even having seizures. This wasn't about cruel personalities - situational factors like the laboratory setting, the experimenter's authority, and social pressure drove this obedience.
