This section details the various methods pressure groups employ to influence government policy in the UK.

Influencing Government: Insider groups directly engage with ministers and civil servants through consultations and face-to-face meetings. This approach allows them to have a more direct impact on policy formation.

Influencing Parliament: Pressure groups lobby MPs to sway their votes on government bills and may encourage the introduction of private members' bills. They can also appear before backbench committees, whose reports are taken seriously by the government and often reported in the media.

Highlight: Pressure groups influence on Parliament is significant, as they can affect legislation at various stages of development.

Influencing Political Parties: Some pressure groups have long-standing relationships with political parties. For example, trade unions have been an integral part of the Labour Party since its formation.

Example: The close relationship between unions and the Labour Party demonstrates how insider pressure groups examples UK can have a direct line to policy-making through party affiliations.

The document emphasizes that pressure groups use a combination of these methods to maximize their influence on government policy and public opinion.

This section provides in-depth case studies of two prominent pressure groups in the UK: the British Medical Association $BMA$ and Greenpeace, highlighting their methods and successes.

British Medical Association $BMA$:

The BMA, as an insider group, has achieved significant successes in influencing UK health policy.

Highlight: BMA pressure group successes include leading public debates on healthcare, successfully campaigning for a sugar tax on fizzy drinks in 2018, and achieving a smoking ban in 2007.

Methods used by the BMA include:

• Briefing MPs on health policy
• Meeting with ministers
• Responding to consultations
• Organizing strikes $e.g., the junior doctors' strike in 2016$

Example: The BMA's campaign for a smoking ban, which succeeded in 2007, demonstrates how pressure groups examples can lead to significant legislative changes.

However, the BMA has also faced challenges:

• Cancelled plans for a second junior doctors' strike in September 2016
• Failed to prevent the imposition of new contracts on junior doctors in October 2016

Greenpeace:

As an outsider group, Greenpeace employs different tactics to influence policy.

Highlight: Greenpeace successes and failures show a mixed record of influencing environmental policy in the UK.

Methods used by Greenpeace include:

• Direct action $e.g., shutting down a coal-fired power station in 2007$
• Patrolling seas to challenge nuclear testers and illegal fishers
• Producing detailed reports to influence governments and the public
• Lobbying the UK government and Parliament

Successes:

• Influencing government attitudes towards carbon emissions
• Successfully campaigning for a ban on microbeads in 2017

Challenges:

• Government environmental policies still fall short of activists' expectations
• Some methods have been criticized for alienating the public and government
• Failed to prevent Cairn Energy from drilling for gas off the coast of Greenland

Example: Greenpeace's campaign against microbeads, which led to a government ban in 2017, illustrates how outsider pressure groups UK can achieve policy changes through persistent campaigning.

This section provides valuable insights into the methods and successes of BMA and Greenpeace in UK 2021, showcasing how different types of pressure groups can influence government policy through various means.

This section examines how pressure groups influence Parliament through various institutional channels.

Vocabulary: Lobbying refers to the process of attempting to influence legislators on specific issues.

Highlight: Pressure groups can influence policy through:

• Direct ministerial consultation
• MP lobbying
• Committee appearances
• House of Lords engagement

This section explores various campaign approaches used by pressure groups to achieve their objectives.

Definition: Direct action refers to activities beyond conventional campaigning methods, aimed at forcing government policy changes.

Example: The 'reduce, reuse, and recycle' campaign exemplifies long-term educational efforts to shift public opinion.

This section analyzes key elements that determine the effectiveness of pressure group campaigns.

Highlight: Public support is crucial for pressure group success, as demonstrated by the Snowdrop Campaign's successful push for handgun ownership restrictions.

Example: Celebrity endorsements and media relationships can significantly boost a pressure group's influence.

This section examines the professional aspects of political influence, including think tanks and lobbyists.

Definition: Think tanks are organizations that produce policy research and recommendations for political parties.

Highlight: The UK lobbying industry has grown significantly, with over 100 firms operating currently.

This section explores the relationship between pressure groups, media, and democratic processes.

Quote: "Support from newspapers can help governments win elections and increase enthusiasm for their policies."

Highlight: The pluralist interpretation views pressure groups as essential to democracy, enabling diverse societal voices to be heard.

This section introduces the main types of pressure groups in the UK, focusing on insider and outsider groups.

Insider Groups have close links with the government and are regularly consulted. They must maintain a good public image and abide by the law to retain government trust. The British Medical Association $BMA$ is a prime example of an insider group.

Example: The BMA, with 160,000 members, aims to improve healthcare and public health. It has successfully campaigned for a sugar tax on drinks and a smoking ban.

Outsider Groups are not consulted by the government and try to influence policy from the outside. Greenpeace is a notable example of an outsider group.

Example: Greenpeace, with 3 million members worldwide, uses direct action and lobbying to combat climate change and protect the environment.

The document also mentions peripheral insiders, which are only occasionally consulted, and discusses the limitations of these classifications.

Highlight: Groups can shift between insider and outsider status depending on which party is in government. For instance, trade unions are typically more consulted by Labour governments.

The section concludes by explaining the difference between promotional groups $like Shelter$ and interest groups $like trade unions$, noting that some organizations, such as the BMA, can fit into both categories.