Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Politics
6 Dec 2025
390
2 pages
Emily @emilyknowsbest
Liberal political thought has evolved dramatically over centuries, shaped by key thinkers who challenged existing power structures and... Show more
John Locke basically invented the idea that governments should serve the people, not the other way around. He believed humans are naturally rational and self-interested but still considerate of others - what scholars call egotistical individualism. His revolutionary concept of the social contract argued that legitimate government only exists with people's consent.
Locke's vision of the state was pretty minimal - just a "night watchman" protecting your natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He reckoned society existed before governments did, complete with natural laws that rulers couldn't just ignore. This was massive at the time because it challenged the divine right of kings.
Mary Wollstonecraft took Locke's ideas and asked the obvious question if humans are rational, why exclude women? She argued that society deliberately "infantilised" women by denying them education and opportunities. Her radical solution was replacing monarchies with republics that guaranteed constitutional rights for everyone, not just men.
John Stuart Mill developed these ideas further with his concept of developmental individualism - the belief that humans are constantly progressing and improving. However, he worried about the tyranny of the majority in democratic systems, believing society should move cautiously towards full democracy whilst protecting minority rights.
Key Insight Classical liberals fundamentally believed in limited government and individual freedom, but disagreed on how quickly society should embrace democratic change.
Modern liberalism completely flipped the script on government's role. John Rawls maintained that humans are naturally selfish but argued we're also empathetic enough to care about society's disadvantaged members. His famous "veil of ignorance" thought experiment proved that rational people would choose a fairer society if they didn't know their own position in it.
Unlike classical liberals who wanted minimal government, Rawls believed the state should actively promote developmental individualism through public spending and wealth redistribution. This marked a huge shift towards accepting higher taxation and expanded government services to ensure "foundational equality" for everyone.
Betty Friedan focused specifically on how patriarchal attitudes in society prevented women from reaching their potential. She identified society's "cultural channels" - schools, religion, media - as the main culprits spreading discriminatory attitudes. Controversially, she also argued that women were sometimes complicit in their own oppression.
Friedan's economic vision embraced free-market capitalism but insisted on strong anti-discrimination legislation to level the playing field. She believed liberated women wouldn't just benefit themselves - they'd enhance the entire economy by contributing their intelligence and skills.
Key Insight Modern liberals shifted from wanting government to stay out of people's lives to believing government should actively create opportunities for everyone to succeed.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key elements of the British Constitution, including its unitary nature, sources like parliamentary sovereignty and common law, and significant historical milestones such as the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights. This summary provides a concise understanding of the constitutional framework essential for AQA A-level Politics students.
PoliticsExplore the key sources and nature of the UK Constitution, including statute law, common law, and constitutional conventions. This summary covers historical milestones like the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights, as well as the implications of parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional reforms. Ideal for A-level politics students seeking to understand the complexities of the UK's uncodified constitution.
PoliticsExplore the key differences and similarities between the UK and US constitutions in this A Level Politics study note. Understand the nature, sources, and implications of each constitution, including their impact on political systems, rights protection, and the processes of governance. Ideal for students preparing for comparative politics assessments.
PoliticsExplore the intricate relationship between the Prime Minister and the Cabinet in the UK political system. This summary covers key concepts such as coalition government, appointment powers, and the evolution of executive authority from the 1960s to present. Ideal for A-level Politics students, this resource provides insights into how PMs navigate party unity, public pressure, and ministerial responsibilities to maintain governance. Understand the balance of power and the factors influencing cabinet effectiveness.
PoliticsExplore the significant achievements and challenges of Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010. This summary covers his role in international negotiations, key legislation like the Climate Change Act, and his response to the global financial crisis. Ideal for students studying UK politics and political history.
HumanitiesExplore the critical concepts of judicial independence and neutrality within the UK Supreme Court. This study note covers the appointment processes, the role of judicial review, and landmark cases that illustrate the court's influence on the justice system. Ideal for A Level Politics students seeking to understand the complexities of the judiciary's relationship with government and the rule of law.
LawApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Emily
@emilyknowsbest
Liberal political thought has evolved dramatically over centuries, shaped by key thinkers who challenged existing power structures and expanded ideas about individual freedom. From John Locke's foundational theories about natural rights to Betty Friedan's fight for women's equality, these philosophers... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
John Locke basically invented the idea that governments should serve the people, not the other way around. He believed humans are naturally rational and self-interested but still considerate of others - what scholars call egotistical individualism. His revolutionary concept of the social contract argued that legitimate government only exists with people's consent.
Locke's vision of the state was pretty minimal - just a "night watchman" protecting your natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He reckoned society existed before governments did, complete with natural laws that rulers couldn't just ignore. This was massive at the time because it challenged the divine right of kings.
Mary Wollstonecraft took Locke's ideas and asked the obvious question: if humans are rational, why exclude women? She argued that society deliberately "infantilised" women by denying them education and opportunities. Her radical solution was replacing monarchies with republics that guaranteed constitutional rights for everyone, not just men.
John Stuart Mill developed these ideas further with his concept of developmental individualism - the belief that humans are constantly progressing and improving. However, he worried about the tyranny of the majority in democratic systems, believing society should move cautiously towards full democracy whilst protecting minority rights.
Key Insight: Classical liberals fundamentally believed in limited government and individual freedom, but disagreed on how quickly society should embrace democratic change.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Modern liberalism completely flipped the script on government's role. John Rawls maintained that humans are naturally selfish but argued we're also empathetic enough to care about society's disadvantaged members. His famous "veil of ignorance" thought experiment proved that rational people would choose a fairer society if they didn't know their own position in it.
Unlike classical liberals who wanted minimal government, Rawls believed the state should actively promote developmental individualism through public spending and wealth redistribution. This marked a huge shift towards accepting higher taxation and expanded government services to ensure "foundational equality" for everyone.
Betty Friedan focused specifically on how patriarchal attitudes in society prevented women from reaching their potential. She identified society's "cultural channels" - schools, religion, media - as the main culprits spreading discriminatory attitudes. Controversially, she also argued that women were sometimes complicit in their own oppression.
Friedan's economic vision embraced free-market capitalism but insisted on strong anti-discrimination legislation to level the playing field. She believed liberated women wouldn't just benefit themselves - they'd enhance the entire economy by contributing their intelligence and skills.
Key Insight: Modern liberals shifted from wanting government to stay out of people's lives to believing government should actively create opportunities for everyone to succeed.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
27
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key elements of the British Constitution, including its unitary nature, sources like parliamentary sovereignty and common law, and significant historical milestones such as the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights. This summary provides a concise understanding of the constitutional framework essential for AQA A-level Politics students.
PoliticsExplore the key sources and nature of the UK Constitution, including statute law, common law, and constitutional conventions. This summary covers historical milestones like the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights, as well as the implications of parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional reforms. Ideal for A-level politics students seeking to understand the complexities of the UK's uncodified constitution.
PoliticsExplore the key differences and similarities between the UK and US constitutions in this A Level Politics study note. Understand the nature, sources, and implications of each constitution, including their impact on political systems, rights protection, and the processes of governance. Ideal for students preparing for comparative politics assessments.
PoliticsExplore the intricate relationship between the Prime Minister and the Cabinet in the UK political system. This summary covers key concepts such as coalition government, appointment powers, and the evolution of executive authority from the 1960s to present. Ideal for A-level Politics students, this resource provides insights into how PMs navigate party unity, public pressure, and ministerial responsibilities to maintain governance. Understand the balance of power and the factors influencing cabinet effectiveness.
PoliticsExplore the significant achievements and challenges of Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010. This summary covers his role in international negotiations, key legislation like the Climate Change Act, and his response to the global financial crisis. Ideal for students studying UK politics and political history.
HumanitiesExplore the critical concepts of judicial independence and neutrality within the UK Supreme Court. This study note covers the appointment processes, the role of judicial review, and landmark cases that illustrate the court's influence on the justice system. Ideal for A Level Politics students seeking to understand the complexities of the judiciary's relationship with government and the rule of law.
LawApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology