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5 Dec 2025

313

18 pages

Complete Physics Paper 1 Revision Guide

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crystal @crystal_hqqlhtzuzofp

Energy is everywhere around you - from the food you eat to the electricity powering your phone. Understanding... Show more

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Energy Stores and Transfer

Ever wondered why energy never just disappears? That's because energy is never used up - it simply moves between different energy stores like a game of pass-the-parcel that never ends.

There are eight main energy stores you need to know thermal (heat), kinetic (movement), gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, and nuclear. Think of these as different containers holding energy.

Energy transfer happens in four main ways mechanically (forces doing work), electrically (current flowing), heating, and radiation (like light or sound). When you kick a football, you're mechanically transferring energy from your chemical energy stores to the ball's kinetic energy store.

Key Point Work done and energy transferred mean exactly the same thing - they're interchangeable terms in physics!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Energy Transfer Examples

Let's look at some real-world examples that show energy transfer in action. When you throw a ball upwards, your arm muscles transfer energy from chemical stores to the ball's kinetic energy store through the work done by your throwing force.

Drop that same ball and gravity takes over. The gravitational force does work, transferring energy from the ball's gravitational potential energy store to its kinetic energy store as it accelerates downwards.

Car brakes work differently - friction between brakes and wheels does work as the car slows down. This transfers energy from the wheels' kinetic energy stores to the thermal energy store of the surroundings (that's why brakes get hot!).

Real-world Connection Every time you see something slow down, speed up, or change direction, you're witnessing energy transfer in action.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Specific Heat Capacity

Why does it take ages to heat up a swimming pool but only minutes to warm a cup of tea? The answer lies in specific heat capacity - the amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

The formula you'll need to remember is ΔE = mcΔθ, where ΔE is the change in thermal energy (J), m is mass (kg), c is specific heat capacity J/kg°CJ/kg°C, and Δθ is temperature change (°C).

Materials with high specific heat capacity need loads of energy to warm up and release loads when cooling down. Water has a particularly high specific heat capacity, which is why coastal areas have milder climates than inland regions.

Exam Tip This formula will definitely appear in your exams - practice rearranging it to find different variables!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Kinetic and Potential Energy Formulas

Moving objects store energy in their kinetic energy stores, and the faster or heavier they are, the more energy they contain. The formula is Ek = ½mv² where m is mass (kg) and v is speed m/sm/s.

For example, a 2500kg car travelling at 20m/s has kinetic energy = ½ × 2500 × 20² = 500,000J. Notice how speed is squared - doubling speed means four times more kinetic energy!

Gravitational potential energy uses Ep = mgh (mass × gravitational field strength × height), while elastic potential energy uses Ee = ½ke² (spring constant × extension squared).

Memory Trick Remember that kinetic energy and elastic energy both use ½ in their formulas, while gravitational potential energy doesn't.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Specific Heat Capacity Practical

This practical helps you calculate the specific heat capacity of different materials using real measurements. You'll need a metal block or beaker of water, an electrical heater, thermometer, voltmeter, and ammeter.

Start by measuring the mass, then record the initial temperature. Heat the substance for a set time whilst measuring voltage and current. Finally, record the final temperature to calculate the temperature change.

Use P = VI to find power supplied, then E = Pt to find total energy supplied. Finally, rearrange ΔE = mcΔθ to get SHC = ΔE/(mΔθ).

Practical Tip Keep stirring water during heating to ensure even temperature distribution and more accurate results.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Series and Parallel Circuits

Series circuits are like a single-lane road where current flows through each component one after another. The total voltage splits between components, current stays the same everywhere, and you add up all the resistances.

Parallel circuits work like a multi-lane highway where current splits at junctions. Each branch gets the full battery voltage, current divides between branches, and adding more resistors actually reduces total resistance.

Use Ohm's Law V=IRV = IR to calculate voltage, current, or resistance in both circuit types. This relationship is fundamental to understanding all electrical circuits.

Quick Check If one bulb fails in series, all go out. In parallel, the others keep working - that's why house lights use parallel circuits!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Electrical Circuits and Symbols

Electrical circuits work because cells and batteries store chemical potential energy, which transfers energy to electrons flowing through wires. Think of it like a river system where energy flows from high to low potential.

You'll need to recognise standard circuit symbols cells (+|-), batteries (+||-), switches openoo,closedooopen o o, closed o-o-, lamps (⊗), resistors (rectangle), and meters (A for ammeter, V for voltmeter).

Special components include LEDs lightemittingdiodeslight-emitting diodes, variable resistors, LDRs lightdependentresistorslight-dependent resistors, and thermistors. Each symbol represents a specific component with unique properties.

Study Tip Draw circuits regularly to memorise symbols - they're essential for exam questions and practical work.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Energy Systems and Work Done

Energy systems help us understand how energy moves around. A system is just a collection of matter, and when it changes, energy transfers either into or out of the system.

Closed systems are special because neither matter nor energy can enter or leave - the total energy change is always zero. Energy might move between different stores within the system, but the overall amount stays constant.

Work done happens mechanically (like kicking a ball to transfer chemical energy to kinetic energy) or electrically (when current flows against resistance). Remember, work done and energy transferred mean exactly the same thing.

Conservation Key Energy is never created or destroyed in any system - it just moves between different energy stores.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Atomic Structure and Radiation

Atoms contain protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge) in the nucleus, with electrons (negative charge) orbiting in shells. The number of protons defines the element, whilst different numbers of neutrons create isotopes.

Radiation comes in three types with increasing penetrating power alpha (stopped by paper), beta (stopped by aluminium), and gamma (needs thick lead to stop it). Alpha is weakest but most ionising, gamma is strongest but least ionising.

Radioactive substances are hazardous through contamination (getting radioactive material on you) or irradiation (being exposed to radiation). Always use protective equipment and avoid direct contact.

Safety First Understanding radiation helps you stay safe around radioactive materials and appreciate their useful applications in medicine and energy.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

Circuit Components and Mains Supply

Key components include light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which only allow current in one direction, ohmic conductors that follow Ohm's law perfectly, and filament lamps whose resistance increases with temperature.

Mains electricity supplies AC current at 50Hz frequency. The three-wire system uses specific colours brown for live wire (carries current), blue for neutral wire (completes circuit), and green/yellow for earth wire (safety protection).

Understanding these components and wiring helps you work safely with electricity and explains how everyday electrical devices function in your home.

Safety Reminder Always remember the wire colours - incorrect wiring can be extremely dangerous and potentially fatal.

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Physics

313

5 Dec 2025

18 pages

Complete Physics Paper 1 Revision Guide

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crystal

@crystal_hqqlhtzuzofp

Energy is everywhere around you - from the food you eat to the electricity powering your phone. Understanding how energy moves and changes form is crucial for mastering physics and explaining how the world works.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Energy Stores and Transfer

Ever wondered why energy never just disappears? That's because energy is never used up - it simply moves between different energy stores like a game of pass-the-parcel that never ends.

There are eight main energy stores you need to know: thermal (heat), kinetic (movement), gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, and nuclear. Think of these as different containers holding energy.

Energy transfer happens in four main ways: mechanically (forces doing work), electrically (current flowing), heating, and radiation (like light or sound). When you kick a football, you're mechanically transferring energy from your chemical energy stores to the ball's kinetic energy store.

Key Point: Work done and energy transferred mean exactly the same thing - they're interchangeable terms in physics!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Energy Transfer Examples

Let's look at some real-world examples that show energy transfer in action. When you throw a ball upwards, your arm muscles transfer energy from chemical stores to the ball's kinetic energy store through the work done by your throwing force.

Drop that same ball and gravity takes over. The gravitational force does work, transferring energy from the ball's gravitational potential energy store to its kinetic energy store as it accelerates downwards.

Car brakes work differently - friction between brakes and wheels does work as the car slows down. This transfers energy from the wheels' kinetic energy stores to the thermal energy store of the surroundings (that's why brakes get hot!).

Real-world Connection: Every time you see something slow down, speed up, or change direction, you're witnessing energy transfer in action.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Specific Heat Capacity

Why does it take ages to heat up a swimming pool but only minutes to warm a cup of tea? The answer lies in specific heat capacity - the amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

The formula you'll need to remember is ΔE = mcΔθ, where ΔE is the change in thermal energy (J), m is mass (kg), c is specific heat capacity J/kg°CJ/kg°C, and Δθ is temperature change (°C).

Materials with high specific heat capacity need loads of energy to warm up and release loads when cooling down. Water has a particularly high specific heat capacity, which is why coastal areas have milder climates than inland regions.

Exam Tip: This formula will definitely appear in your exams - practice rearranging it to find different variables!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Kinetic and Potential Energy Formulas

Moving objects store energy in their kinetic energy stores, and the faster or heavier they are, the more energy they contain. The formula is Ek = ½mv² where m is mass (kg) and v is speed m/sm/s.

For example, a 2500kg car travelling at 20m/s has kinetic energy = ½ × 2500 × 20² = 500,000J. Notice how speed is squared - doubling speed means four times more kinetic energy!

Gravitational potential energy uses Ep = mgh (mass × gravitational field strength × height), while elastic potential energy uses Ee = ½ke² (spring constant × extension squared).

Memory Trick: Remember that kinetic energy and elastic energy both use ½ in their formulas, while gravitational potential energy doesn't.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Specific Heat Capacity Practical

This practical helps you calculate the specific heat capacity of different materials using real measurements. You'll need a metal block or beaker of water, an electrical heater, thermometer, voltmeter, and ammeter.

Start by measuring the mass, then record the initial temperature. Heat the substance for a set time whilst measuring voltage and current. Finally, record the final temperature to calculate the temperature change.

Use P = VI to find power supplied, then E = Pt to find total energy supplied. Finally, rearrange ΔE = mcΔθ to get SHC = ΔE/(mΔθ).

Practical Tip: Keep stirring water during heating to ensure even temperature distribution and more accurate results.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Series and Parallel Circuits

Series circuits are like a single-lane road where current flows through each component one after another. The total voltage splits between components, current stays the same everywhere, and you add up all the resistances.

Parallel circuits work like a multi-lane highway where current splits at junctions. Each branch gets the full battery voltage, current divides between branches, and adding more resistors actually reduces total resistance.

Use Ohm's Law V=IRV = IR to calculate voltage, current, or resistance in both circuit types. This relationship is fundamental to understanding all electrical circuits.

Quick Check: If one bulb fails in series, all go out. In parallel, the others keep working - that's why house lights use parallel circuits!

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
different ener
energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Electrical Circuits and Symbols

Electrical circuits work because cells and batteries store chemical potential energy, which transfers energy to electrons flowing through wires. Think of it like a river system where energy flows from high to low potential.

You'll need to recognise standard circuit symbols: cells (+|-), batteries (+||-), switches openoo,closedooopen o o, closed o-o-, lamps (⊗), resistors (rectangle), and meters (A for ammeter, V for voltmeter).

Special components include LEDs lightemittingdiodeslight-emitting diodes, variable resistors, LDRs lightdependentresistorslight-dependent resistors, and thermistors. Each symbol represents a specific component with unique properties.

Study Tip: Draw circuits regularly to memorise symbols - they're essential for exam questions and practical work.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
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energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Energy Systems and Work Done

Energy systems help us understand how energy moves around. A system is just a collection of matter, and when it changes, energy transfers either into or out of the system.

Closed systems are special because neither matter nor energy can enter or leave - the total energy change is always zero. Energy might move between different stores within the system, but the overall amount stays constant.

Work done happens mechanically (like kicking a ball to transfer chemical energy to kinetic energy) or electrically (when current flows against resistance). Remember, work done and energy transferred mean exactly the same thing.

Conservation Key: Energy is never created or destroyed in any system - it just moves between different energy stores.

I
ENERGY STORESt
Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
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energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Atomic Structure and Radiation

Atoms contain protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge) in the nucleus, with electrons (negative charge) orbiting in shells. The number of protons defines the element, whilst different numbers of neutrons create isotopes.

Radiation comes in three types with increasing penetrating power: alpha (stopped by paper), beta (stopped by aluminium), and gamma (needs thick lead to stop it). Alpha is weakest but most ionising, gamma is strongest but least ionising.

Radioactive substances are hazardous through contamination (getting radioactive material on you) or irradiation (being exposed to radiation). Always use protective equipment and avoid direct contact.

Safety First: Understanding radiation helps you stay safe around radioactive materials and appreciate their useful applications in medicine and energy.

I
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Energy
energy
is never used
Systems
Its transferred between.
Up
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energy
Stores
Energy is Transferred Mechanic

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Circuit Components and Mains Supply

Key components include light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which only allow current in one direction, ohmic conductors that follow Ohm's law perfectly, and filament lamps whose resistance increases with temperature.

Mains electricity supplies AC current at 50Hz frequency. The three-wire system uses specific colours: brown for live wire (carries current), blue for neutral wire (completes circuit), and green/yellow for earth wire (safety protection).

Understanding these components and wiring helps you work safely with electricity and explains how everyday electrical devices function in your home.

Safety Reminder: Always remember the wire colours - incorrect wiring can be extremely dangerous and potentially fatal.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

5

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

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Hooke's Law & Elasticity

Explore the principles of Hooke's Law and the relationship between force and extension in springs. This study note covers key concepts such as elastic potential energy, spring constant, and the differences between elastic and inelastic deformation. Ideal for AQA GCSE Physics students, it includes practical activities and equations to calculate work done and energy stored in elastic materials.

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Forces & Energy Dynamics

Explore key concepts in physics with this detailed overview of Forces and Energy Changes. This resource covers essential topics such as Elastic Potential Energy, Hooke's Law, Work Done, Mass and Weight, and Gravitational Potential Energy. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking to deepen their understanding of these fundamental principles.

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AQA GCSE Physics Equations

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4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user