Forces and Deformation Fundamentals
When forces are applied to objects, they can cause various types of deformation including stretching, bending, and compression. To effectively change an object's shape, multiple forces must be applied simultaneously, otherwise the object would simply move in the direction of the single force.
Definition: Deformation occurs when an object's shape changes due to applied forces.
Vocabulary: The spring constant (k) represents the stiffness of a spring, measured in newtons per metre (N/m).
Example: A rubber band exhibits elastic deformation when stretched within its limits, returning to its original shape when released.
The relationship between force and extension follows the equation F = ke, where:
- F is force in newtons (N)
- k is the spring constant in newtons per metre (N/m)
- e is extension in metres (m)
Highlight: The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, but only up to the limit of proportionality.
Two types of deformation exist:
- Elastic deformation - temporary shape change with complete recovery
- Inelastic deformation - permanent shape change without recovery