Motion, Forces and Energy Systems
Circular motion involves centripetal force acting at 90° to movement, creating constant speed but changing velocity. This explains everything from satellites orbiting Earth to cars turning corners - the speed stays the same, but direction constantly changes.
Weight calculations using W = mg connect mass and gravitational field strength. Remember that weight (measured in Newtons) differs from mass (measured in kg) - your mass stays constant, but your weight changes on different planets. Human reaction time affects driving safety, influencing both thinking distance and braking distance.
Energy stores and transfers show how energy moves through systems. Chemical energy in fuel converts to kinetic energy in moving cars, then to thermal energy in brakes. Understanding these transfers helps explain everything from renewable energy sources like solar cells and wind turbines to why fossil fuels are non-renewable.
Wave equations like v = fλ connect wave speed, frequency and wavelength, fundamental for understanding energy transmission from sources to Earth.
Remember: Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance, and factors like wet roads, worn tyres, or driver fatigue significantly increase both components.