Have direction and magnitude OH YEAH….. get it? (despicable me)

force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum. 

speed, distance, mass, temperature, time. 

Friction, air resistance, tension in ropes. 

Objects don’t touch in order for a force to act. 

Magnetic force, gravitational force, electrostatic force. 

Makes things fall to the ground and gives them weight. 

What 2 things does gravitational force do?

Force if gravity acting on an object due to gravity. 

Depends on strength of the gravitational field at the location of the object. 

Force acting from a single point on the object. 

All forces going on the same direction subtract opposite forces. 

Resultant force: The overall affect is the same as….

Energy is transferred and work is done on the object. 

When a force moves an object through a distance….

All forces combine to give the resultant force of 0.     Balanced forces. 

If an object doesn’t return to its original shape & length after force was removed. 

Objects that can be elastically deformed. Energy goes to its elastic potential energy store. 

The maximum force. On a graph, it is a curved line showing that the extension is no longer proportional to force. 

1)Measure natural length of spring with a mm ruler clamped on stand.   2)Add mass to spring & allow it to rest. Record mass & measure new length of spring.   3)Repeat until you have at least 6 measurements.    4)Plot a force-extension graph of results. It will curve when you exceed limit of proportionality. 

Force and extension link PRACTICAL. 4 steps. 

1)Use identical spring to load with masses one at a time until 5 are added. Measure extension each time before adding more masses. 2)Work out increase of extension for each masses. If any cause a bigger increase than any other masses, you’ve gone past the limit of proportionality. 

Pilot experiment= Ensure masses are good size. Describe 2 step process. 

Constant acceleration due to gravity. (Going downwards on a graph). 

Measures distance & direction from starting to finishing point. 

age, fitness, terrain, health, sound waves, wind speed, temperature, pressure. 

Firce that slows object down by acting in OPPOSITE direction. 

Resistance in FLUID & AIR. e.g. air resistance. 

Falling object accelerates as gravity force is stronger than frictional force. As speed increases, friction builds up. Acceleration becomes reduced & frictional force becomes equal to acceleration. 

Less tramlines the object & The larger the Surface Area. 

If resultant force on a STATIONARY object is 0, object will remain stationary.    If resultant force on a MOVING object is 0, it will carry on moving at the same velocity. 

The LARGER the resultant force on an object, the more the object accelerates. 

When 2 objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal.   When something is pushed, the object with push back against you just as hard. 

Object with stay at rest unless acted upon & objects moving at a steady speed will stay moving at that speed. 

1)Set up trolley to hold card with a gap in middle that will interrupt signal in light gate twice.  2)Connect trolley to string that goes over a pulley & connected to a hook. 3)Weight of hook accelerates trolley & masses.   4)Mark starting line on table where trolley is on.  5)Place trolley on the starting line & release hook.   6)Record acceleration measured by light gate.  7)Repeat 2x to get average acceleration. 

How mass & force affect acceleration PRACTICAL. 7 steps. 

Add masses to trolley & record average acceleration on each mass. 

Start with all masses loaded to trolley & transfer masses to a hook 1 at a time. Revord average acceleration for each force. 

Thinking distance is affected by…. (2 things)

Speed, weather, road quality, tire condition, brake condition. 

Breaking distance is affected by (5 things)

When pushed= Brake pads press onto wheels= friction causes worm to be done.      Wheels transfer kinetic energy to thermal energy store of brakes. 

Brakes can overheat or vehicle can skid. 

Distractions, tiredness, alcohol, drugs. 

Reaction time is affected by…. (4 things)

1)Sit with arm resting on table, someone holds ruler with 0 lined up with thumb& finger. Third person keeps eye level.   2)Without giving warning, drop ruler. Person should try & catch it quickly. 3)The longer the distance, the longer the reaction time. Calculate reaction time.   4)Repeat many times & calculate mean reaction time. Investigate with factors such as music or try with caffeine (With caffeine try to wait 10 mins after consumption to let affects of drug to take place). 

Property of moving objects that is a product of its mass & velocity. 

Total momentum before & after an event is same in a closed system. 

Maximum displacement from undisturbed position. 

Number of complete waves passing a certain point per second. 

Oscillations are perpendicular to direction of energy transfer. 

Oscillations PARALELL to the direction of energy’s transfer. 

What is it called when a wave gets wrinkly?

Ahat is it called when a wave spreads out?

1)Start with both microphones next to speaker, slowly move 1 away until 2 waves on oscilloscope line up. 2)Measure distance between microphones to find 1 wavelength. 

Speed of sound measured by oscilloscope PRACTICAL. 2 steps. 

1)Dim lights in lab & turn on lamp to see wave crests as shadows on screen below tank. 2)Measure distance between shadow lines that are 10 wavelengths apart. Divide distance by 10 do find mean.   3)Calculate wave speed. 

Speed of water ripples in ripple tank PRACTICAL 3 steps. 

Because it allows to measure wavelength without disturbing waves. 

1)Turn on signal generator & vibration transducer to make string vibrate.  2)Adjust frequency until there’s a clear wave on string. 3)Measure wavelength by measuring 5 wavelengths & divide to get mean half-wavelength. Double the mean to get full wavelength. 4)Frequency of wave us whatever signal generator is set to. Calculate speed. 

°Wave gets ABSORBED by second material.   °Wave is TRANSMITTED by second material.   °Wave is REFLECTED. 

When a wave meets boundary, between 2 materials it either:

The wavelength & properties of the materials. 

When a wave meets boundary, between 2 materials: What happens depends on….

Transverse waves. They transfer from source to absorber. 

What type of waves are electromagnetic waves?

Camp fire emits infrared radiation which is absorbed by objects around it & transfer into objects' thermal energy store. Object warms up. 

Give an example of electromagnetic waves. Describe process. 

°Travel at same speed through air or vacuum.   °Vibrations of electric & magnetic fields.    °Travel at different speeds in different materials. 

Give 3 features of Electromagnetic waves. 

How much wave speed up or slows down (which depends on density of materials). 

How much a wave is rarefracted depends on….

Line that’s perpendicular to a surface at the point of incidence (where wave hits surfaces). 

Lines showing all the points on a wave that are in the same position as each other after a given number of wavelengths. 

What are radio waves & alternating currents made by?

Produce oscillating electric & magnetic fields. 

°Satellites - Signal from transmitter is transmitted to space & picked up by satellite receiver dish that transmits signal back to Earth.        °Microwaves-Absorbed by water molecules in food so food heats up. 

°Infrared cameras-Detects IR & turns into an electrical signal that is displayed on screen.    °Electric Heaters- Wire heats up due to current & emits Ir radiation that is absorbed by air in the room. 

Fibre optic cables-light rays bounce back & forth in wire until react end of fibre. Used because light is easy to retract. 

Abdorbed & emits visible light by phosphor inside a bulb. Flourescent lights generate UV radiation that is absorbed & re emitted as visable light. 

Medecine- X-rays pass through tissue easily but not bones or metal. Amount if energy that is absorbed or not shown is shown in an X-ray image. 

Medicine- Gamma radiation injected to be used as a medical tracer, it passes through body to be detected. 

Electric circuit using an alternating current. 

Transmitter creates radio waves, when radio waves reach receiver, they are absorbed. Energy carried by the waves is transferred to the electrons in material of receiver. Energy causes electrons to oscillate & generate an alternating current. 

°Bend around curved surface= Travel around half of Earth & can diffract around hills.    °Can still be received when receiver isn’t in line of sight. 

Give 2 features of a long Wave Radio waves. 

°Reflected from IONOSPHERE= can be received at long distances.   °Radio waves Used for TV & FM radio have short wavelengths=Signal can’t travel through buildings or bend. 

1)Place LESLIE CUBE on heatproof mat.   2)Boil water & fill Leslie cube with boiling water.   3) wait for cube to warm up & hold thermometer against 4 walls, they should all be the same temp.   4)Hold IR detector at a set distance & record how much IR is at each wall.   5)More IR should be detected from Matt & black wall than white & shiny surfaces.    6)Repeat several times & find mean. 

Investigate emission: LESLIE CUBE PRACTICAL 6 steps. 

1)Place 2 ball bearings on wax on one side opposite of a Matt surface of a metal & the other opposite of a silver side of metal. Metal walls should surround a Bunsen burner on a heatproof mat. 2)Ball bearing with black surface falls first as black surface absorbs more IR radiation= Transfers into thermal energy store of the wax. 

Investigate absorption- Melting wax PRACTICAL. 2 steps. 

Measure of how quickly light can travel through. The higher, the slower the wave. 

°Wavelength changes.   °Frequency stays the same. 

When a wave is refracted, 2 things happen:

The high frequency waves transfer lots of energy & cause damage to tissues. 

Damages SURFACE CELLS= sunburn & skin cancer. 

Ionising radiation causes gene mutations or cancer by killing cells. 

4x more likely to have damaged genes than a head scan. 

English (UK)

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Diana Williamson

United Kingdom

DEFAULT (England)

Physics

AQA GCSE Physics Paper 2

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