Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Other
16 Dec 2025
111
5 pages
iona ๐ฉท @ionastevensonn
Facials are one of the most popular beauty treatments, but there's loads more to them than just making... Show more
Getting your hygiene spot-on is absolutely crucial before you even think about touching someone's face. Sterilisation and sanitation aren't just fancy words - they're what keep both you and your clients safe from nasty infections.
All your towels, blankets, and headbands need a proper 60-degree wash to kill off bacteria and viruses. Sponges get the UV cabinet treatment to zap any remaining germs.
Contra-indications are basically your safety checklist - they tell you when to stop or adapt a treatment. Prevent means no treatment at all (like with ringworm), whilst restrict means you can still do the facial but need to work around problem areas like cuts or bruises.
Remember General contra-indications affect the whole body (diabetes), whilst local ones only affect specific areas (moles). Some are temporary (bruises), others need medical referral (bacterial infections).
Knowing your skin types is like having a roadmap for every facial you'll ever do. The main types are dry, oily, combination, and normal - but real skin is rarely that straightforward.
Comedones (blackheads) form when natural oils called sebum get trapped in pores. You'll also encounter conditions like milia (tiny white bumps from sebum buildup), broken capillaries (those red thread veins), and various forms of acne.
Sensitive skin and dehydrated skin are often confused, but they're completely different issues. Dehydrated skin lacks water, whilst sensitive skin reacts easily to products and environmental factors.
Top Tip Combination skin is the trickiest - it's usually oily in the T-zone (forehead, nose, chin) but normal or dry everywhere else.
Skin analysis is basically detective work - you're gathering clues to create the perfect treatment plan. The questions you ask reveal way more than just looking at someone's face.
For dry skin, you're checking if it feels tight, flakes sometimes, or gets sore in cold weather. Oily skin clients usually struggle with shine, blackheads, and makeup that won't stay put.
Combination skin typically shows up as shine and blackheads in the T-zone area, whilst the rest of the face behaves normally. This is actually the most common skin type you'll encounter.
Pro Insight Always ask about past skin problems and current routines - this background info is gold for planning treatments.
Understanding why we cleanse is just as important as knowing how to do it properly. The main purpose of cleanser is removing makeup, oil, and dirt - but it does so much more than that.
Skin cleansing functions include removing surface debris like pollution, reducing the chance of breakouts, and gently exfoliating dead skin cells from the stratum corneum (the top skin layer).
Good cleansing also tackles excess sweat and sebum buildup, which helps prevent those annoying blackheads and spots from forming in the first place.
Key Point Think of cleansing as preparing a canvas - you can't create beautiful results on dirty skin.
The actual facial process follows a specific sequence that's been perfected over decades. Start by positioning your client comfortably with towels and a headband (check for earrings first!).
Eye makeup removal needs special attention - split a cotton pad, add remover, let it dissolve the makeup, then press and swipe gently. Always work outwards to avoid dragging the delicate eye area.
Cleansing technique involves 2-3 pumps warmed in your palms, then removed with sponges using upward motions. Follow with toner on cotton wool (avoiding lips and eyes), blot with tissue, then finish with moisturiser using gentle pressing motions.
Essential Technique Always work upwards and outwards - this follows the skin's natural structure and prevents dragging.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
iona ๐ฉท
@ionastevensonn
Facials are one of the most popular beauty treatments, but there's loads more to them than just making your skin look good. Understanding proper hygiene, skin analysis, and treatment techniques is essential for anyone studying beauty therapy or considering a... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Getting your hygiene spot-on is absolutely crucial before you even think about touching someone's face. Sterilisation and sanitation aren't just fancy words - they're what keep both you and your clients safe from nasty infections.
All your towels, blankets, and headbands need a proper 60-degree wash to kill off bacteria and viruses. Sponges get the UV cabinet treatment to zap any remaining germs.
Contra-indications are basically your safety checklist - they tell you when to stop or adapt a treatment. Prevent means no treatment at all (like with ringworm), whilst restrict means you can still do the facial but need to work around problem areas like cuts or bruises.
Remember: General contra-indications affect the whole body (diabetes), whilst local ones only affect specific areas (moles). Some are temporary (bruises), others need medical referral (bacterial infections).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Knowing your skin types is like having a roadmap for every facial you'll ever do. The main types are dry, oily, combination, and normal - but real skin is rarely that straightforward.
Comedones (blackheads) form when natural oils called sebum get trapped in pores. You'll also encounter conditions like milia (tiny white bumps from sebum buildup), broken capillaries (those red thread veins), and various forms of acne.
Sensitive skin and dehydrated skin are often confused, but they're completely different issues. Dehydrated skin lacks water, whilst sensitive skin reacts easily to products and environmental factors.
Top Tip: Combination skin is the trickiest - it's usually oily in the T-zone (forehead, nose, chin) but normal or dry everywhere else.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Skin analysis is basically detective work - you're gathering clues to create the perfect treatment plan. The questions you ask reveal way more than just looking at someone's face.
For dry skin, you're checking if it feels tight, flakes sometimes, or gets sore in cold weather. Oily skin clients usually struggle with shine, blackheads, and makeup that won't stay put.
Combination skin typically shows up as shine and blackheads in the T-zone area, whilst the rest of the face behaves normally. This is actually the most common skin type you'll encounter.
Pro Insight: Always ask about past skin problems and current routines - this background info is gold for planning treatments.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding why we cleanse is just as important as knowing how to do it properly. The main purpose of cleanser is removing makeup, oil, and dirt - but it does so much more than that.
Skin cleansing functions include removing surface debris like pollution, reducing the chance of breakouts, and gently exfoliating dead skin cells from the stratum corneum (the top skin layer).
Good cleansing also tackles excess sweat and sebum buildup, which helps prevent those annoying blackheads and spots from forming in the first place.
Key Point: Think of cleansing as preparing a canvas - you can't create beautiful results on dirty skin.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The actual facial process follows a specific sequence that's been perfected over decades. Start by positioning your client comfortably with towels and a headband (check for earrings first!).
Eye makeup removal needs special attention - split a cotton pad, add remover, let it dissolve the makeup, then press and swipe gently. Always work outwards to avoid dragging the delicate eye area.
Cleansing technique involves 2-3 pumps warmed in your palms, then removed with sponges using upward motions. Follow with toner on cotton wool (avoiding lips and eyes), blot with tissue, then finish with moisturiser using gentle pressing motions.
Essential Technique: Always work upwards and outwards - this follows the skin's natural structure and prevents dragging.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology