Contract law might seem intimidating, but it's actually everywhere in... Show more
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5 Dec 2025
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Understanding Contract Law
molly
@aestrobe
1 / 5
Contract Formation Basics
Ever wondered what makes a promise legally binding? A contract is simply a voluntary agreement between two or more people that the law will enforce. Think of it like a recipe - you need four essential ingredients: offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations.
An offer is when someone proposes a deal - like "I'll sell you my guitar for £200." The person making the offer is the offeror, and the person receiving it is the offeree. The offer must be clear, complete, and actually communicated to work.
Offers don't last forever though. They can be terminated if rejected, withdrawn before acceptance, or if too much time passes. The Victoria Hotel case shows this perfectly - when someone took six months to accept an offer to buy a hotel, the court said that was far too long to be reasonable.
Key Point: An offer must be accepted within a reasonable time, or it becomes invalid - so don't wait around if you want to accept a deal!
Communication and Acceptance Rules
Here's where contract law gets interesting - offers can be made to anyone, from one person to the entire world. The famous Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball case proved this when a company made an offer to everyone through newspaper advertisements.
Acceptance means agreeing to all the offer's conditions exactly as stated. It must be communicated properly and made within reasonable time. However, silence usually can't count as acceptance - you need to actively say "yes" somehow.
Counter-offers are tricky territory. In Hyde v Wrench, when someone offered £1000 for a farm but the buyer suggested £950 instead, this destroyed the original £1000 offer completely. But simply asking questions about payment terms isn't a counter-offer - it's just an enquiry.
The postal rule adds another twist. Once you post an acceptance letter, the contract exists even if the letter gets lost. This might seem outdated, but similar principles apply to modern communication methods.
Remember: A counter-offer kills the original offer, but asking questions about terms doesn't - know the difference!
Legal Relations and Consideration
Not every agreement becomes a legally binding contract. The law makes two key presumptions about intention: domestic agreements (like between family members) usually aren't meant to be legal contracts, whilst business agreements typically are.
The Balfour v Balfour case illustrates this perfectly - when a husband promised maintenance payments to his wife, it was considered a domestic arrangement without legal force. However, Merritt v Merritt shows that even family agreements can be binding when circumstances change, like during separation.
Consideration means both parties must give something of value - it's the "what's in it for me?" element. This doesn't have to be money; even chocolate bar wrappers had value in the Chappell & Co v Nestle case when customers exchanged them (plus money) for music records.
Understanding these principles helps you recognise when you're entering a proper contract versus just making casual plans with friends.
Top Tip: Business agreements are presumed legal, family ones aren't - but circumstances can change everything!
When Contracts Go Wrong
Even valid contracts can be invalidated by vitiating factors - legal issues that make agreements void or voidable. Void contracts were never valid from the start, whilst voidable contracts were initially valid but can be cancelled due to problems.
Misrepresentation occurs when someone makes false statements that convince you to enter a contract. For this to apply, it must be a statement of fact (not opinion), made by someone involved in the contract, that actually influenced your decision. The Bisset v Wilkinson case shows that estimates about sheep farming capacity weren't misrepresentation - just opinions.
There are three types of misrepresentation: fraudulent (deliberate lies), negligent (careless mistakes), and innocent (honest but wrong beliefs). Each type offers different remedies, from rescinding the contract to claiming damages.
Economic duress happens when someone uses improper pressure to force agreement. However, not all pressure counts - threatening to withdraw credit facilities was considered lawful business practice in CTN Cash and Carry v Gallagher.
Essential Knowledge: Know the difference between opinions and facts - only false statements of fact can count as misrepresentation in court.
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App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Contract Law
molly
@aestrobe
Contract law might seem intimidating, but it's actually everywhere in your daily life - from buying something online to getting a part-time job. Understanding the basics of how contracts work will help you navigate legal agreements and know your rights... Show more
Contract Formation Basics
Ever wondered what makes a promise legally binding? A contract is simply a voluntary agreement between two or more people that the law will enforce. Think of it like a recipe - you need four essential ingredients: offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations.
An offer is when someone proposes a deal - like "I'll sell you my guitar for £200." The person making the offer is the offeror, and the person receiving it is the offeree. The offer must be clear, complete, and actually communicated to work.
Offers don't last forever though. They can be terminated if rejected, withdrawn before acceptance, or if too much time passes. The Victoria Hotel case shows this perfectly - when someone took six months to accept an offer to buy a hotel, the court said that was far too long to be reasonable.
Key Point: An offer must be accepted within a reasonable time, or it becomes invalid - so don't wait around if you want to accept a deal!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Communication and Acceptance Rules
Here's where contract law gets interesting - offers can be made to anyone, from one person to the entire world. The famous Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball case proved this when a company made an offer to everyone through newspaper advertisements.
Acceptance means agreeing to all the offer's conditions exactly as stated. It must be communicated properly and made within reasonable time. However, silence usually can't count as acceptance - you need to actively say "yes" somehow.
Counter-offers are tricky territory. In Hyde v Wrench, when someone offered £1000 for a farm but the buyer suggested £950 instead, this destroyed the original £1000 offer completely. But simply asking questions about payment terms isn't a counter-offer - it's just an enquiry.
The postal rule adds another twist. Once you post an acceptance letter, the contract exists even if the letter gets lost. This might seem outdated, but similar principles apply to modern communication methods.
Remember: A counter-offer kills the original offer, but asking questions about terms doesn't - know the difference!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Legal Relations and Consideration
Not every agreement becomes a legally binding contract. The law makes two key presumptions about intention: domestic agreements (like between family members) usually aren't meant to be legal contracts, whilst business agreements typically are.
The Balfour v Balfour case illustrates this perfectly - when a husband promised maintenance payments to his wife, it was considered a domestic arrangement without legal force. However, Merritt v Merritt shows that even family agreements can be binding when circumstances change, like during separation.
Consideration means both parties must give something of value - it's the "what's in it for me?" element. This doesn't have to be money; even chocolate bar wrappers had value in the Chappell & Co v Nestle case when customers exchanged them (plus money) for music records.
Understanding these principles helps you recognise when you're entering a proper contract versus just making casual plans with friends.
Top Tip: Business agreements are presumed legal, family ones aren't - but circumstances can change everything!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When Contracts Go Wrong
Even valid contracts can be invalidated by vitiating factors - legal issues that make agreements void or voidable. Void contracts were never valid from the start, whilst voidable contracts were initially valid but can be cancelled due to problems.
Misrepresentation occurs when someone makes false statements that convince you to enter a contract. For this to apply, it must be a statement of fact (not opinion), made by someone involved in the contract, that actually influenced your decision. The Bisset v Wilkinson case shows that estimates about sheep farming capacity weren't misrepresentation - just opinions.
There are three types of misrepresentation: fraudulent (deliberate lies), negligent (careless mistakes), and innocent (honest but wrong beliefs). Each type offers different remedies, from rescinding the contract to claiming damages.
Economic duress happens when someone uses improper pressure to force agreement. However, not all pressure counts - threatening to withdraw credit facilities was considered lawful business practice in CTN Cash and Carry v Gallagher.
Essential Knowledge: Know the difference between opinions and facts - only false statements of fact can count as misrepresentation in court.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Commercial Law
Most popular content in Law
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user