Če si se kdaj vprašal, iz česa je sestavljen svet... Show more
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Updated Apr 17, 2026
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Osnove zgradbe atoma
1 / 5
Uvod v zgradbo atoma
Predstavljaj si atom kot miniaturno sončno sistem. Je osnovni delec vsakega elementa in najmanjša enota, ki še vedno obdrži vse kemijske lastnosti snovi.
Elementi so snovi, ki jih sestavljajo atomi iste vrste - kisik, železo, zlato so vsi elementi. Vsak atom je električno nevtralen, kar pomeni, da se pozitivni in negativni naboji v njem popolnoma izničijo.
Atom sestavljata dva glavna dela: jedro atoma v središču in elektronska ovojnica okrog njega. V jedru najdemo protone in nevtrone, v ovojnici pa se vrtijo elektroni - ti trije so osnovni delci ali subatomski delci.
💡 Zanimivost: Če bi bilo jedro atoma veliko kot žogica za namizni tenis, bi bil celoten atom velik kot nogometno igrišče!
Jedro atoma - kjer se skriva vsa moč
Jedro je srce atoma in čeprav je izjemno majhno, vsebuje skoraj vso njegovo maso. Tukaj živita dva ključna igralca.
Protoni so pozitivno nabiti delci z nabojem +1 in maso približno 1 atomska enota. Število protonov določa, za kateri element gre - to je vrstno število (Z). Če spremenimo število protonov, dobimo povsem drug element!
Nevtroni (n⁰) so brez naboja in imajo prav tako maso približno 1. Skupaj s protoni tvorijo jedro, skupno pa ju imenujemo nukleoni.
💡 Pomni si: Vrstno število = število protonov = identiteta elementa. Brez tega elementa preprosto ni!
Elektronska ovojnica - plesni oder atomov
Okoli jedra se v elektronski ovojnici vrtijo elektroni . Ti majhni negativno nabiti delci imajo naboj -1, vendar je njihova masa tako majhna , da jo lahko zanemarimo.
V nevtralnem atomu je število elektronov vedno enako številu protonov. Tako se pozitivni in negativni naboji izničijo, atom pa navzven deluje nevtralno.
Elektronska ovojnica zavzema skoraj ves prostor atoma, čeprav praktično nima mase. Predstavljaj si jo kot ogromen plesni oder, kjer se vrtijo drobni plesalci.
| Delec | Naboj | Masa | Lokacija |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proton | +1 | ≈1 u | Jedro |
| Nevtron | 0 | ≈1 u | Jedro |
| Elektron | -1 | ≈0 u | Ovojnica |
💡 Za test: Atom = jedro + ovojnica (elektroni). Preprosto kot štiri operacije!
Računanje osnovnih delcev - tvoja super moč
Iz periodnega sistema lahko zlahka izračunaš število vseh delcev v atomu. Potrebuješ le dve števili: vrstno število (Z) in masno število (A).
Vrstno število (Z) = število protonov = število elektronov Masno število (A) = število protonov + število nevtronov Število nevtronov = A - Z
Primer z ogljikom: Z = 6, A = 12
- Protoni: 6
- Elektroni: 6
- Nevtroni: 12 - 6 = 6
Primer z natrijem: Z = 11, A = 23
- Protoni: 11
- Elektroni: 11
- Nevtroni: 23 - 11 = 12
💡 Trik za test: Vrstno število je manjše (število protonov), masno je večje . Ne zmešaj ju!
Hiter povzetek za mojstre kemije
Sedaj imaš vse karte v rokah za razumevanje atomov! Atom je kot mini vesolje - majhno, gosto jedro obkroža velika, skoraj prazna ovojnica z elektroni.
Ključne formule za test:
- Z = št. protonov = št. elektronov
- A = št. protonov + št. nevtronov
- Št. nevtronov = A - Z
Lastnosti elementa določa izključno število protonov. Spremeni se le en proton in že imaš popolnoma drug element!
Skoraj vsa masa atoma se skriva v jedru, medtem ko elektronska ovojnica zavzema večino prostora. To je razlog, da je snov večinoma "prazen prostor" - fascinantno, kajne?
💡 Za življenje: Sedaj, ko razumeš atome, razumeš osnovo celotne kemije. Vsaka reakcija, vsaka lastnost snovi izhaja iz te preproste zgradbe!
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Osnove zgradbe atoma
Če si se kdaj vprašal, iz česa je sestavljen svet okoli tebe, je odgovor preprost: iz atomov! Atomi so kot Lego kocke narave - majhni gradniki, iz katerih je sestavljena prav vsaka stvar. Razumevanje zgradbe atoma je ključ do kemije,... Show more
Uvod v zgradbo atoma
Predstavljaj si atom kot miniaturno sončno sistem. Je osnovni delec vsakega elementa in najmanjša enota, ki še vedno obdrži vse kemijske lastnosti snovi.
Elementi so snovi, ki jih sestavljajo atomi iste vrste - kisik, železo, zlato so vsi elementi. Vsak atom je električno nevtralen, kar pomeni, da se pozitivni in negativni naboji v njem popolnoma izničijo.
Atom sestavljata dva glavna dela: jedro atoma v središču in elektronska ovojnica okrog njega. V jedru najdemo protone in nevtrone, v ovojnici pa se vrtijo elektroni - ti trije so osnovni delci ali subatomski delci.
💡 Zanimivost: Če bi bilo jedro atoma veliko kot žogica za namizni tenis, bi bil celoten atom velik kot nogometno igrišče!
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Jedro atoma - kjer se skriva vsa moč
Jedro je srce atoma in čeprav je izjemno majhno, vsebuje skoraj vso njegovo maso. Tukaj živita dva ključna igralca.
Protoni so pozitivno nabiti delci z nabojem +1 in maso približno 1 atomska enota. Število protonov določa, za kateri element gre - to je vrstno število (Z). Če spremenimo število protonov, dobimo povsem drug element!
Nevtroni (n⁰) so brez naboja in imajo prav tako maso približno 1. Skupaj s protoni tvorijo jedro, skupno pa ju imenujemo nukleoni.
💡 Pomni si: Vrstno število = število protonov = identiteta elementa. Brez tega elementa preprosto ni!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Elektronska ovojnica - plesni oder atomov
Okoli jedra se v elektronski ovojnici vrtijo elektroni . Ti majhni negativno nabiti delci imajo naboj -1, vendar je njihova masa tako majhna , da jo lahko zanemarimo.
V nevtralnem atomu je število elektronov vedno enako številu protonov. Tako se pozitivni in negativni naboji izničijo, atom pa navzven deluje nevtralno.
Elektronska ovojnica zavzema skoraj ves prostor atoma, čeprav praktično nima mase. Predstavljaj si jo kot ogromen plesni oder, kjer se vrtijo drobni plesalci.
| Delec | Naboj | Masa | Lokacija |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proton | +1 | ≈1 u | Jedro |
| Nevtron | 0 | ≈1 u | Jedro |
| Elektron | -1 | ≈0 u | Ovojnica |
💡 Za test: Atom = jedro + ovojnica (elektroni). Preprosto kot štiri operacije!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Računanje osnovnih delcev - tvoja super moč
Iz periodnega sistema lahko zlahka izračunaš število vseh delcev v atomu. Potrebuješ le dve števili: vrstno število (Z) in masno število (A).
Vrstno število (Z) = število protonov = število elektronov Masno število (A) = število protonov + število nevtronov Število nevtronov = A - Z
Primer z ogljikom: Z = 6, A = 12
- Protoni: 6
- Elektroni: 6
- Nevtroni: 12 - 6 = 6
Primer z natrijem: Z = 11, A = 23
- Protoni: 11
- Elektroni: 11
- Nevtroni: 23 - 11 = 12
💡 Trik za test: Vrstno število je manjše (število protonov), masno je večje . Ne zmešaj ju!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Hiter povzetek za mojstre kemije
Sedaj imaš vse karte v rokah za razumevanje atomov! Atom je kot mini vesolje - majhno, gosto jedro obkroža velika, skoraj prazna ovojnica z elektroni.
Ključne formule za test:
- Z = št. protonov = št. elektronov
- A = št. protonov + št. nevtronov
- Št. nevtronov = A - Z
Lastnosti elementa določa izključno število protonov. Spremeni se le en proton in že imaš popolnoma drug element!
Skoraj vsa masa atoma se skriva v jedru, medtem ko elektronska ovojnica zavzema večino prostora. To je razlog, da je snov večinoma "prazen prostor" - fascinantno, kajne?
💡 Za življenje: Sedaj, ko razumeš atome, razumeš osnovo celotne kemije. Vsaka reakcija, vsaka lastnost snovi izhaja iz te preproste zgradbe!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user