Tonnage and Poundage: Felt like a prerogative but was a privilege, they denied it to him, yet it was traditionally gave to monarch at start of reign but charles refused not wanting to call parliament regularly. War with Spain: Buckinghams incompetence (talk of impeachment). Religion: Catholic wife, suspicions of catholic leaning in Church of england as charles was sympathetic to calls for more ceremony and symbolism. English ships used to repress protestant rebellion in France

1625 Parliament- Three things Charles and Parliament disagreed with

Seemed a clear supply of money would not be forthcoming 

Why did Charles dissolve 1625 Parliament? 

Nov 1625- failure of naval expedition to Cadiz, more criticism of Buckingham: arrogant and incompetent, over-ambitious (unrealistic) and lack of planning. 

1626 Parliament, what happened beforehand which caused parliament more concern?

Targetted Duke of Buckingham, attempt to impeach him. MPs openly criticised him and would not provide king with money until complaints were addressed.

1626- What did Parliament do instead of giving money? 

They Threatened to impeach Buckingham, his closest advisor, dissolved parliament to save him

Why did charles dissolve 1626 Parliament?

War with France, failure at La Rochelle= more complaints about Buckingham. 

What happened after dissolution of 1626 Parliament?

He would get no money from parliament unless he sacrificed his close advisor. He got angry (divine right). He attempted to obtain money through alternative measures

What did Charles realise as complaints about Buckingham grew after 1626?

Continuing to collect Tonnage and Poundage without parliamentary approval. Demanding a forced loan, could not be refused and probably never repaid. Charles threatened anyone who refused to pay with imprisonment or conscription into army 

What alternative measure did Charles use to collect money in 1627?

forced loan caused huge resentment, MPs worried king was ignoring law, group of five gentlemen challenged kings right to imprison them. Judges in case found kings favour, this suggested king was denying rule of law and laying foundation for tyranny 

They realised they couldn't directly attack Buckingham so they prepared the Petition of Right

Limited the kings power carefully by giving him the money he needed and was not accusatory, giving him respect. King had no choice but to accept it.

Buckingham had been assassinated and Parliament openly celebrated, angering the king and causing him to assert his right to collect Tonnage and Poundage. 

Why was calm relations between Charles and Parliament ruined at the end of 1628?

Appointment of William Laud (Arminian) Protestant with Catholic leanings, suspicious to MPs who were Puritans 

Why did Charles religious police's continue to cause concern?

they reassembled and began to look into breaches of the Petition of Right. King decided to suspend Parliament but in retaliation, a group of MPs refused to disperse and physically held speaker in chair to forcefully pass the Three resolutions.

What did Parliament do in 1629 that directly defied the kings orders?

- Against the growth of Arminianism in Chruch of England - collection of Tonnage and Poundage - Punishments against those who did not pay it

What were the Three Resolutions against? 

Dissolve Parliament and declared he would not call another

-Kings lack of money, Forced loan, Tonnage and Poundage, war with spain/France, Failure at Cadiz, three resolutions 

- Three resolutions, Arminianism, Henrietta Maria, Puritan influence, William Laud

-Duke of Buckinghams influence, William Laud

-Henrietta Maria, Tonnage and Poundage, Five Knights Case, Forced Loan, Dissolution of each Parliament 

Buckinghams assassination, Puritan influence, Three Resolutions

Elements of tension: Parliaments behaviour 

War with Spain and France, Failure at La Rochelle, Failure at Cadiz, Buckinghams influence 

Organisation and administration of government, Finance, Church of England and Religion

1629-40: Three features of Charles personal rule

-William Laud and Thomas Wentworth were able, effective and Thorough.  Book of Orders 1631 improved the quality of local government.  Prerogative courts were efficient and staffed yet resented as they did what was best for the king. 2* (helped support personal rule but not necessarily good for country) 2X (some concerns from elements of society but not everyone)

Personal rule: Organisation and administration of government + rating 

Charles made peace with Spain, and tried to maximise his income by reorganising traditional methods: Rents increased, Fines issued to illegal enclosures and building on Royal Land. Sold monopoly licenses (James I did it but was banned). Shio money (new tax, normally only collected once or twice but became annual) = serious concern as a regular income meant secure personal rule. 2*, 3X(likely to lead to widespread opposition from many members of society)

"Unity through Uniformity", promotion of Arminians. Bring back ceremony, at odds with many Puritans. More Catholic: decorations, music- seemed to be attack on Protestant faith. Lead to creation of group in opposition to kings religious policies (much of gentry wanted abolition of Lauds regime). Suspect Charles and Laud had Catholic sympathies, Laud also strong supporter of divine right of Monarch (support personal rule?). 2*, 3X 

Personal Rule: Religion and Church of england + rating

He was the first big resistance to the Personal Rule. He refused to oy Ship Money and legally challenged the kings right. Court found kings favour but there was a narrow margin (suggests it was controversial), opposition to ship money increased but the tax continued. 

Three were arrested and brought before court of Star Chamber. All educated and members of gentry, found guilty branded on cheeks and had ears cut off (brutal punishment became notorious). Most of public sympathetic to views of men, fear of catholicism and resentment of Laud grew and so did concerns of absolute monarchy. 

What happened in 1637 to the Puritan writers who published attacks on governments religious policy?

Due to all evidence of concern and bad feeling, there was very little opponents of personal rule could actually do. People who objected would lose their jobs or brought before prerogative court and punished. Government also censored books and pamphlets to ensure it was difficult to publish anti charles material. Without parliament to voice concerns of people, and with financial foundation, personal rule seemed likely to continue.  

How much threat was there to the personal rule?

Troubles in scotland when Charles introduced new canons in 1636 and a new prayer book in 1637.

It contained correct forms of prayer in church of ENGLAND (separate to Scottish Kirk), give Scottish bishops more power (but they barely existed in their presbyterian system). Scot's ignored commands and rejected prayer book.

Why was the new 1637 prayer book controversial in scotland?

He decided to raise an army to put down rebels (however he could not afford a decent army so was forced to send untrained poorly disciplined and poorly equipped army who were unenthusiastic. The scot's were highly motivated and easily won in 1639 - FIRST BISHOPS WAR. 

What did Charles do when the Scots rejected his new prayer book?

Wentworth suggested the king should call parliament and exploit anti- scottish feeling to give the king money 

After First Bishops war in 1639, what did Charles decide to do?

As when Charles demanded money, the MPs decided to criticise various aspects of the personal rule, some even agreed with the Scot's. Others openly criticised the queen so the king dissolved parliament after only three weeks 

Why was it called the Short Parliament? 1640

Charles attempted to fight second bishops war with another badly organised and poorly equipped force who mainly sympathised with the Scot's. Kings army defeated easily. 

after dissolving short parliament in 1640, what happened?

Charles Made peace with Scotland and agreed to pay then £850 a day for expenses and to not invade England. Total humiliation. Defeated and unable to pay the costs, Charles was forced to summon Parliament (Long Parliament) 

After the drastic Humilation losing the Second Bishops war, what happened?

Used competent ministers (Wentworth). Up until Bishops war, able to raise enough money during peace time through forced loans and ship money. Prerogative courts were efficient. Book of order improved quality of local government. Made peace with Spain. Unity through Uniformity is enforced in England.

Charles created strong financially stage government during his personal rule: Agree

Failed to control Scot (Bishops wars, defeated badly). Unable to pay scottish expenses. Parliament angry for 11 years (lots of resentment towards king when he finally called-short parliament). Didn't unanimously support him in courts. Move towards Armianism upsets puritans who were mainly MPs

Charles created strong financially stable government in personal rule- Disagree

name given to group of MPs that organised long parliaments opposition strategy to king 

Act that could be passed by parliament that declared someone guilty of treason without need for trial

Impeachment proceedings against Charles advisors (Wentworth and Laud). Passed Act of attainder leading to Wentworth execution. Parliament power going too far as Wentworth was arguably innocent

What was the first thing Parliament reformed in november 1640?

Bill to completely exclude Bishops from House of  Lords (rejected), Root and Branch Bill- make C of E presbyterian (deeply divisive, dropped)

Two important religious reforms in 1641 (, May, June)

Triennial act- summon parliament every three years, Ten propositions- Parliament choose kings advisors and he should delay visit to Scotland (so he can't build up support and use scottish army as threat to parliament). Prerogative courts of Star chamber and another were abolished (removed kings ability to deal with legal cases)

Three reforms that challenged kings prerogative power

October 1641, rebellion in Ireland. MPs heard rumours of rising among Irish Catholics, many protestants murdered. intended to invade england and english catholics join. Rebels claimed to have Charles Approval. Charles was also slow to react leading to more hysteria in his absence

Beginning of fractures within Parliament- religion 

They could either put down rebellion which would involve voting subsidies for kings army, but there was a mistrust in what the king would do with army. Pym presented Gran Remonstrance which reminded king of parliaments achievements, narrowly passed. Militia Bill then presented, proposing parliament should control army (open revolt, MPs began supporting king as they felt it was too far of an infringement of royal prerogative)

How did the 1641 Irish rebellion divide Parliament?

Rumours of Pym planning to impeach the queen. In Jan 1642, Charles appeared in house of commons with 300 armed guards with warrant for arrest of five key opposition leaders. (angry as impeachment of wife may lead to her execution). People saw his appearance as a breach of parliamentary rights and clear threat to Mps, five members also had been tipped off and weren't present. This action seemed to reveal Charles as a tyrant and turned many MPs against him (despite recent support)

What tipped it over the edge after the Militia bill separated parliament?

he left the capital fearing for his safety. The probablilith of both the king and parliament using force to achieve their opposing goals was no longer in doubt 

What did charles do after Parliament turned against him again?

Duration of 1642, propaganda war, each side producing pamphlets designed to increase own support and discredit other. in June parlient offered Ninteen propositions for negotiation (including parliamentary control of kings advisors and army). Charles refused and replied by stating his legal rights and defense of monarchy. in August 1642 Charles raised his standard. Cuvil war has begun. 

What happened in 1642 after the king fled that led to the civil war?

-Parliament, actively and immediate brought reforms curtailing his prerogative power. HOWEVER, Many of reforms were due to charles past actions. Parliament also made active attempts to force church to be more protestant (Root and Branch) which wa different to how it was before charles (elizabethan settlement)

When long parliament was called do you think King or parliament intended to go to war?

Parliament, Taking power and authority too far now they have the advantage over Charles. Also rumour of Queens impeachment reminded Charles of Wentworths wrongful execution (Attainder) causing him to retaliate and lose new support. HOWEVER, it could be argued charles actions and decisions let to Wentworths execution, but execution of Queen would be wrong.

Who bears most responsibility for eventual outbreak of war in August 1642

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Why did the relationship between Crown and Parliament break down between 1603 and 1629?

Were the actions of Charles I the main reason for the political instability that existed in the years 1625-46?

The English Revolution introduction to A-level - James I

Awesome Study Notes and Tips for Exam Prep

Flashcards

Why did the relationship between Crown and Parliament break down between 1603 and 1629?

Were the actions of Charles I the main reason for the political instability that existed in the years 1625-46?

The English Revolution introduction to A-level - James I