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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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History
3 Dec 2025
1,193
3 pages
Emily @emilyknowsbest
Henry VIII's foreign policy was characterized by ambitious goals, shifting alliances, and mixed results. Initially seeking to become... Show more
Cardinal Wolsey's approach to foreign policy marked a shift from Henry's early aggressive stance. The main aim during this period was to secure a peace settlement to avoid defeat against France and establish European peace.
Key events and treaties during Wolsey's era include
In 1514, Wolsey negotiated a peace treaty with France, which included a marriage alliance between Louis XII and Henry's sister, Mary Tudor.
The Treaty of London in 1518, negotiated by Wolsey, was a significant diplomatic achievement. It was a treaty of perpetual peace signed by England, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and smaller states.
The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 was a grand meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France, although it yielded no significant diplomatic achievements.
In 1521, the Treaty of Bruges was signed, forming an anti-French alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.
The Second French War began in 1522, which was costly and yielded little gains.
In 1525, Charles V's victory over the French at the Battle of Pavia led to a shift in the balance of power.
The Treaty of Amiens in 1527 formed an anti-Imperial alliance with France.
Example The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 exemplifies the extravagant diplomacy of the period, showcasing the wealth and power of both England and France.
The outcomes of Wolsey's foreign policy were mixed
Definition The King's Great Matter refers to Henry VIII's quest for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which ultimately led to the English Reformation.
During this period, Henry VIII's foreign policy was heavily influenced by his desire to secure support for his annulment and subsequent break with Rome. The main aim was to either gain foreign support for the King's Great Matter or minimize the response of foreign powers to the Break with Rome.
Key events and developments during this period include
In 1532, Henry formed a new, fragile defensive alliance with France.
There were attempts to form an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden to pressure Charles V into supporting Henry's cause.
The Break with Rome occurred in 1533-34, significantly altering England's relationship with Catholic powers in Europe.
In 1536, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland after the dismissal of the Earl of Kildare.
The relationship with Scotland became strained due to religious differences following the Break with Rome.
In 1538, there was a fear of invasion after the Pope's attempt to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade.
Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves in 1540 in an attempt to form an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden, although this marriage was quickly dissolved.
Quote "No choice but to break with Rome" - This phrase encapsulates the culmination of Henry's frustration with the Pope's refusal to grant his annulment.
The outcomes of this period were significant
Highlight The Break with Rome in 1533-34 was a pivotal moment in English history, marking the beginning of the English Reformation and significantly impacting England's foreign relations.
Henry VIII's early foreign policy was primarily focused on invading France and establishing himself as a warrior king. This period saw England actively participating in European alliances and conflicts.
Key events during this period include
In 1511, Henry joined the Holy League, an anti-French alliance that included Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and the papacy.
War was declared on France in 1512, with Henry sending an army of 10,000 men to southwest France. This campaign resulted in a defeat for the English in Gascony, while Spain's Ferdinand used the opportunity to conquer Navarre.
The year 1513 saw Henry personally leading forces in the Battle of Spurs in France. Although it was little more than a skirmish, it was portrayed as a stunning victory for propaganda purposes.
Henry captured the French towns of Tournai and Thérouanne during this campaign.
While Henry was in France, James IV of Scotland invaded England, leading to the Battle of Flodden. The Scottish king was defeated and killed by a small English army, leaving the Scottish throne to the infant James V.
Highlight The Battle of Flodden in 1513 was a significant victory for England, effectively neutralizing the Scottish threat for several years.
The outcomes of these early foreign policy initiatives were mixed
Vocabulary Holy League - An alliance formed in 1511 between Pope Julius II, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII of England, and the Republic of Venice against France.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
46
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key invasions that shaped Britain, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans. This summary covers the feudal system, societal structures, and the impact of these groups on medieval England. Ideal for students studying ancient and medieval history.
HistoryExplore the key events during Edward VI's reign (1547-1553), including significant religious reforms, foreign policy challenges, major rebellions, economic issues, and the political downfall of Somerset and Northumberland. This summary provides a comprehensive overview of the Mid Tudor Crisis.
HistoryExplore structured essay frameworks for analyzing the skepticism surrounding witchcraft during the witch craze. This resource covers key factors such as legislative impacts, public mood, and economic influences on witch trials, including case studies like Pendle and Salem. Ideal for students preparing for essays on witchcraft history.
HistoryExplore the key events and impacts of Henry VIII's reign from 1536 to 1547, focusing on the dissolution of monasteries, the Pilgrimage of Grace, and the evolution of religious doctrine. This summary highlights the political, social, and cultural changes during the Tudor period, providing essential insights for students of English history.
Historya summary of the course
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Emily
@emilyknowsbest
Henry VIII's foreign policy was characterized by ambitious goals, shifting alliances, and mixed results. Initially seeking to become a warrior king by invading France, his focus later shifted to maintaining European peace and securing support for his domestic agenda. The... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cardinal Wolsey's approach to foreign policy marked a shift from Henry's early aggressive stance. The main aim during this period was to secure a peace settlement to avoid defeat against France and establish European peace.
Key events and treaties during Wolsey's era include:
In 1514, Wolsey negotiated a peace treaty with France, which included a marriage alliance between Louis XII and Henry's sister, Mary Tudor.
The Treaty of London in 1518, negotiated by Wolsey, was a significant diplomatic achievement. It was a treaty of perpetual peace signed by England, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and smaller states.
The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 was a grand meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France, although it yielded no significant diplomatic achievements.
In 1521, the Treaty of Bruges was signed, forming an anti-French alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.
The Second French War began in 1522, which was costly and yielded little gains.
In 1525, Charles V's victory over the French at the Battle of Pavia led to a shift in the balance of power.
The Treaty of Amiens in 1527 formed an anti-Imperial alliance with France.
Example: The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 exemplifies the extravagant diplomacy of the period, showcasing the wealth and power of both England and France.
The outcomes of Wolsey's foreign policy were mixed:
Definition: The King's Great Matter refers to Henry VIII's quest for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which ultimately led to the English Reformation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
During this period, Henry VIII's foreign policy was heavily influenced by his desire to secure support for his annulment and subsequent break with Rome. The main aim was to either gain foreign support for the King's Great Matter or minimize the response of foreign powers to the Break with Rome.
Key events and developments during this period include:
In 1532, Henry formed a new, fragile defensive alliance with France.
There were attempts to form an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden to pressure Charles V into supporting Henry's cause.
The Break with Rome occurred in 1533-34, significantly altering England's relationship with Catholic powers in Europe.
In 1536, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland after the dismissal of the Earl of Kildare.
The relationship with Scotland became strained due to religious differences following the Break with Rome.
In 1538, there was a fear of invasion after the Pope's attempt to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade.
Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves in 1540 in an attempt to form an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden, although this marriage was quickly dissolved.
Quote: "No choice but to break with Rome" - This phrase encapsulates the culmination of Henry's frustration with the Pope's refusal to grant his annulment.
The outcomes of this period were significant:
Highlight: The Break with Rome in 1533-34 was a pivotal moment in English history, marking the beginning of the English Reformation and significantly impacting England's foreign relations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Henry VIII's early foreign policy was primarily focused on invading France and establishing himself as a warrior king. This period saw England actively participating in European alliances and conflicts.
Key events during this period include:
In 1511, Henry joined the Holy League, an anti-French alliance that included Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and the papacy.
War was declared on France in 1512, with Henry sending an army of 10,000 men to southwest France. This campaign resulted in a defeat for the English in Gascony, while Spain's Ferdinand used the opportunity to conquer Navarre.
The year 1513 saw Henry personally leading forces in the Battle of Spurs in France. Although it was little more than a skirmish, it was portrayed as a stunning victory for propaganda purposes.
Henry captured the French towns of Tournai and Thérouanne during this campaign.
While Henry was in France, James IV of Scotland invaded England, leading to the Battle of Flodden. The Scottish king was defeated and killed by a small English army, leaving the Scottish throne to the infant James V.
Highlight: The Battle of Flodden in 1513 was a significant victory for England, effectively neutralizing the Scottish threat for several years.
The outcomes of these early foreign policy initiatives were mixed:
Vocabulary: Holy League - An alliance formed in 1511 between Pope Julius II, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII of England, and the Republic of Venice against France.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
46
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key invasions that shaped Britain, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans. This summary covers the feudal system, societal structures, and the impact of these groups on medieval England. Ideal for students studying ancient and medieval history.
HistoryExplore the key events during Edward VI's reign (1547-1553), including significant religious reforms, foreign policy challenges, major rebellions, economic issues, and the political downfall of Somerset and Northumberland. This summary provides a comprehensive overview of the Mid Tudor Crisis.
HistoryExplore structured essay frameworks for analyzing the skepticism surrounding witchcraft during the witch craze. This resource covers key factors such as legislative impacts, public mood, and economic influences on witch trials, including case studies like Pendle and Salem. Ideal for students preparing for essays on witchcraft history.
HistoryExplore the key events and impacts of Henry VIII's reign from 1536 to 1547, focusing on the dissolution of monasteries, the Pilgrimage of Grace, and the evolution of religious doctrine. This summary highlights the political, social, and cultural changes during the Tudor period, providing essential insights for students of English history.
Historya summary of the course
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology