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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
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1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
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History
27 Nov 2025
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Germany went through massive political upheaval between 1918-1939, transforming from a defeated nation after WWI into Hitler's terrifying... Show more
When Germany lost WWI in 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated and the new Weimar Republic was born - Germany's first attempt at democracy. But this republic faced massive problems from day one, including the hated Treaty of Versailles and crippling reparations payments.
The early years were chaotic, with violent uprisings like the Spartacist Revolt in 1919 and the Kapp Putsch in 1920. Things got even worse in 1923 when hyperinflation made German money virtually worthless - people literally needed wheelbarrows of cash to buy bread!
Fortunately, Gustav Stresemann helped turn things around through clever negotiations and new payment plans like the Dawes Plan. By the late 1920s, Germany was finally recovering and many Germans started to believe democracy might actually work.
Key Point The Weimar Republic's early struggles made many Germans lose faith in democracy, setting the stage for extremist parties like the Nazis to gain support later.
Hitler didn't start as the Nazi leader - that was Anton Drexler who founded the German Workers' Party. But by 1921, Hitler had taken control and renamed it the Nazi Party (NSDAP). His early attempt to seize power through the Munich Putsch in 1923 was a complete disaster that landed him in prison.
Prison actually helped Hitler's cause because he wrote Mein Kampf there and realised he needed to win power legally through elections, not violence. When the Wall Street Crash hit in 1929, unemployment in Germany skyrocketed to 6 million by 1933, giving the Nazis the crisis they needed.
Desperate Germans turned to extremist parties for solutions. The Nazis cleverly used propaganda and promised jobs, national pride, and someone to blame - mainly the Jews and communists.
Key Point Hitler learned that legal methods were more effective than violent revolution, showing how democracies can be destroyed from within.
Once Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, he moved incredibly quickly to destroy German democracy. The Reichstag Fire in February gave him an excuse to arrest communist opponents, whilst the Enabling Act in March let him pass laws without parliament's approval.
Hitler then eliminated potential rivals within his own party during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, killing SA leaders who threatened his authority. When President Hindenberg died in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become the absolute Führer.
Germany became a police state controlled by the Gestapo (secret police) and SS (Hitler's elite guards). Joseph Goebbels ran a massive propaganda machine that controlled newspapers, radio, films, and even art to ensure Germans only heard Nazi messages.
Key Point Hitler destroyed democracy step-by-step using legal methods, showing how quickly democratic rights can disappear once extremists gain power.
The Nazis wanted to control every aspect of German life, especially women and young people who represented Germany's future. The Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens (BDM) indoctrinated children with Nazi ideology, though some groups like the Edelweiss Pirates bravely resisted.
Hitler's government created work schemes and began secret rearmament, which dramatically reduced unemployment from 6 million to just 0.3 million by 1939. Programs like Strength Through Joy provided cheap holidays and entertainment to keep workers happy.
However, life became increasingly terrifying for minority groups. The Nuremberg Laws in 1935 stripped Jews of citizenship, whilst Kristallnacht in 1938 saw organised attacks on Jewish homes and businesses. Around 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps after this "Night of Broken Glass."
Key Point The Nazis used both carrots (jobs, entertainment) and sticks (persecution, violence) to control German society and eliminate anyone they considered "undesirable."
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Explore the key events and figures of the Spartacist Revolt (January 1919) in Berlin, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. This summary covers the uprising's causes, major actions, and the government's response, highlighting the role of the Freikorps and the implications for the Weimar Republic. Ideal for GCSE History students studying Weimar and Nazi Germany.
HistoryExplore a comprehensive overview of Nazi Germany, covering key events, the rise of Hitler, the role of the Gestapo, and the impact of the Holocaust. This summary provides essential insights for AQA GCSE History students, highlighting significant political, social, and economic changes during this tumultuous period. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding the complexities of Nazi rule.
HistoryExplore the factors contributing to the unpopularity of the Weimar Republic, including the Treaty of Versailles, the war guilt clause, and the stab-in-the-back myth. This summary delves into how these elements shaped public perception and political challenges in post-World War I Germany.
HistoryExplore the key elements of the Treaty of Versailles, including its impact on Germany post-World War I, the involved nations, and the significant reparations and territorial changes. This summary highlights the war guilt clause and the differing perspectives of leaders like Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson.
HistoryExplore the successes and failures of the League of Nations through key events such as the Corfu Incident, Vilna Crisis, and the Aaland Islands dispute. This summary highlights the League's challenges in enforcing justice and maintaining peace during the interwar period, providing insights into its effectiveness and limitations. Ideal for students studying post-World War I international relations.
HistoryExplore the significant consequences of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany post-World War I. This summary covers territorial losses, reparations, and military restrictions imposed on Germany, highlighting the political and social unrest that followed. Ideal for GCSE history students studying the Weimar Republic and its challenges.
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Germany went through massive political upheaval between 1918-1939, transforming from a defeated nation after WWI into Hitler's terrifying dictatorship. This period shows how economic crisis and political instability can destroy democracy and lead to horrific consequences.
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When Germany lost WWI in 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated and the new Weimar Republic was born - Germany's first attempt at democracy. But this republic faced massive problems from day one, including the hated Treaty of Versailles and crippling reparations payments.
The early years were chaotic, with violent uprisings like the Spartacist Revolt in 1919 and the Kapp Putsch in 1920. Things got even worse in 1923 when hyperinflation made German money virtually worthless - people literally needed wheelbarrows of cash to buy bread!
Fortunately, Gustav Stresemann helped turn things around through clever negotiations and new payment plans like the Dawes Plan. By the late 1920s, Germany was finally recovering and many Germans started to believe democracy might actually work.
Key Point: The Weimar Republic's early struggles made many Germans lose faith in democracy, setting the stage for extremist parties like the Nazis to gain support later.
Hitler didn't start as the Nazi leader - that was Anton Drexler who founded the German Workers' Party. But by 1921, Hitler had taken control and renamed it the Nazi Party (NSDAP). His early attempt to seize power through the Munich Putsch in 1923 was a complete disaster that landed him in prison.
Prison actually helped Hitler's cause because he wrote Mein Kampf there and realised he needed to win power legally through elections, not violence. When the Wall Street Crash hit in 1929, unemployment in Germany skyrocketed to 6 million by 1933, giving the Nazis the crisis they needed.
Desperate Germans turned to extremist parties for solutions. The Nazis cleverly used propaganda and promised jobs, national pride, and someone to blame - mainly the Jews and communists.
Key Point: Hitler learned that legal methods were more effective than violent revolution, showing how democracies can be destroyed from within.
Once Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, he moved incredibly quickly to destroy German democracy. The Reichstag Fire in February gave him an excuse to arrest communist opponents, whilst the Enabling Act in March let him pass laws without parliament's approval.
Hitler then eliminated potential rivals within his own party during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, killing SA leaders who threatened his authority. When President Hindenberg died in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become the absolute Führer.
Germany became a police state controlled by the Gestapo (secret police) and SS (Hitler's elite guards). Joseph Goebbels ran a massive propaganda machine that controlled newspapers, radio, films, and even art to ensure Germans only heard Nazi messages.
Key Point: Hitler destroyed democracy step-by-step using legal methods, showing how quickly democratic rights can disappear once extremists gain power.
The Nazis wanted to control every aspect of German life, especially women and young people who represented Germany's future. The Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens (BDM) indoctrinated children with Nazi ideology, though some groups like the Edelweiss Pirates bravely resisted.
Hitler's government created work schemes and began secret rearmament, which dramatically reduced unemployment from 6 million to just 0.3 million by 1939. Programs like Strength Through Joy provided cheap holidays and entertainment to keep workers happy.
However, life became increasingly terrifying for minority groups. The Nuremberg Laws in 1935 stripped Jews of citizenship, whilst Kristallnacht in 1938 saw organised attacks on Jewish homes and businesses. Around 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps after this "Night of Broken Glass."
Key Point: The Nazis used both carrots (jobs, entertainment) and sticks (persecution, violence) to control German society and eliminate anyone they considered "undesirable."
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key events and figures of the Spartacist Revolt (January 1919) in Berlin, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. This summary covers the uprising's causes, major actions, and the government's response, highlighting the role of the Freikorps and the implications for the Weimar Republic. Ideal for GCSE History students studying Weimar and Nazi Germany.
HistoryExplore a comprehensive overview of Nazi Germany, covering key events, the rise of Hitler, the role of the Gestapo, and the impact of the Holocaust. This summary provides essential insights for AQA GCSE History students, highlighting significant political, social, and economic changes during this tumultuous period. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding the complexities of Nazi rule.
HistoryExplore the factors contributing to the unpopularity of the Weimar Republic, including the Treaty of Versailles, the war guilt clause, and the stab-in-the-back myth. This summary delves into how these elements shaped public perception and political challenges in post-World War I Germany.
HistoryExplore the key elements of the Treaty of Versailles, including its impact on Germany post-World War I, the involved nations, and the significant reparations and territorial changes. This summary highlights the war guilt clause and the differing perspectives of leaders like Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson.
HistoryExplore the successes and failures of the League of Nations through key events such as the Corfu Incident, Vilna Crisis, and the Aaland Islands dispute. This summary highlights the League's challenges in enforcing justice and maintaining peace during the interwar period, providing insights into its effectiveness and limitations. Ideal for students studying post-World War I international relations.
HistoryExplore the significant consequences of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany post-World War I. This summary covers territorial losses, reparations, and military restrictions imposed on Germany, highlighting the political and social unrest that followed. Ideal for GCSE history students studying the Weimar Republic and its challenges.
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology