Alkeni su nezasićeni ugljovodonici koji sadrže dvostruku vezu između ugljenikovih... Show more
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Updated May 5, 2026
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Uvod u Alkenes
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Osnovne karakteristike alkena
Alkeni su porodica organskih jedinjenja koja se razlikuje od alkana po tome što imaju dvostruku C=C vezu. Zbog te veze imaju manje atoma vodonika, pa im je opšta formula CₙH₂ₙ. Najjednostavniji alken je eten (C₂H₄) - možda si čuo da se koristi za dozrevanje voća.
Ta dvostruka veza je ono što čini alkene posebno reaktivnim. Dok alkani "sporo reaguju", alkeni su hemijski vrlo aktivni. Razlog leži u strukturi same veze.
Struktura dvostruke veze se sastoji od dve komponente. Postoji jedna sigma (σ) veza koja je jaka i nastaje čeonim preklapanjem hibridnih orbitala. Tu je i jedna pi (π) veza koja je slabija i nastaje bočnim preklapanjem p-orbitala.
Zapamti: Pi veza je slaba karika - ona se prvi kida u reakcijama!
Hibridizacija i struktura veze
Ugljenikovi atomi koji grade dvostruku vezu imaju sp² hibridizaciju. To znači da se jedan s orbitala i dva p orbitala kombinuju u tri identične sp² orbitale. One se raspoređuju u ravni pod uglom od 120°, dok preostala p orbitala stoji normalno na tu ravan.
Sigma veza nastaje kada se sp² orbitale čeono preklope - ova veza je jaka i stabilna. Pi veza se formira kada se nehibridizovane p orbitale bočno preklope iznad i ispod ravni σ veze.
Ključna razlika: oko sigma veze je moguća rotacija, dok oko dvostruke veze nema slobodne rotacije. Zato alkeni mogu da imaju geometrijske izomere, što alkani ne mogu.
Važno za test: Sigma veza je jaka, pi veza je slaba i pokretljivija!
Imenovanje alkena (IUPAC nomenklatura)
Kada imenuješ alkene, osnovno pravilo je da zamenišs nastavak -an sa -en (etan → eten, propan → propen). Ali tu nije kraj - moraš da označiš i gde se nalazi dvostruka veza.
Numerisanje počinješ sa onog kraja molekula kome je dvostruka veza bliža. Broj prvog ugljenika iz dvostruke veze staviš ispred nastavka -en. Na primer: but-1-en ili but-2-en.
Kada postoje supstituenti, imenuj ih po abecednom redu kao kod alkana. Važno je da uvek pronađeš najduži ugljenikov niz koji sadrži dvostruku vezu - to je tvoja osnova za ime.
Trik: Uvek brojim tako da dvostruka veza dobije najmanji mogući broj!
Izomerija kod alkena
Alkeni pokazuju dva tipa izomerije, što znači da mogu postojati različita jedinjenja sa istom molekulskom formulom.
Strukturna izomerija je ista kao kod alkana. Tu spadaju izomerija niza (različit raspored C atoma) i izomerija položaja (različit položaj dvostruke veze). Za C₄H₈ možeš imati but-1-en, but-2-en i 2-metilpropen.
Geometrijska izomerija je specifična za alkene. Javlja se jer nema rotacije oko dvostruke veze. Uslov je da svaki C atom iz dvostruke veze vezuje dve različite grupe.
Cis-izomer ima istovrsne grupe na istoj strani, trans-izomer na suprotnim stranama. But-2-en ima oba oblika, dok but-1-en nema jer prvi C vezuje dva ista H atoma.
Pažnja: Ne zaboravi uslov za geometriju - svaki C iz dvostruke veze mora da ima 2 različite supstituenta!
Reakcije adicije - osnove
Adicija je najvažnija reakcija alkena i sigurno će biti na testu. Tokom adicije se kida slaba pi veza, a novi atomi se vezuju za ugljenike iz dvostruke veze. Molekul postaje zasićen.
Opšta formula je: C=C + A-B → C(A)-C(B). Ovo je logično - dvostruka veza "prima" dva nova atoma.
Hidrogenovanje je adicija H₂ uz katalizator (Ni, Pt, Pd) na povišenoj temperaturi. Od alkena nastaje alkan: eten + H₂ → etan.
Halogenovanje je adicija halogena poput Br₂. Ova reakcija sa bromnom vodom se koristi kao dokazna reakcija za alkene - crvenosmeđa boja nestaje jer se brom vezuje za dvostruku vezu!
Test za alkene: Bromna voda gubi boju u prisustvu alkena, a alkani ne reaguju!
Markovnikovljevo pravilo
Kada se nesimetrični reagens (kao HBr) adira na nesimetrični alken, ne možeš staviti atome bilo gde. Tu važi Markovnikovljevo pravilo - jedan od najvažnijih pravila u organskoj hemiji.
Pravilo kaže: Vodonikov atom ide na onaj C atom iz dvostruke veze koji je "bogatiji" vodonikom (već ima više H atoma vezanih). "Bogat se još više bogati!"
Primer sa propenom: CH₃-CH=CH₂ + HBr. C-1 ima 2H atoma, C-2 ima 1H atom. Po pravilu, H⁺ ide na C-1, a Br⁻ na C-2, dajući 2-brompropan kao glavni proizvod.
Hidratacija (adicija vode) se takođe vrši po ovom pravilu uz kiselinu kao katalizator. Od propena nastaje propan-2-ol.
Za ispit: Markovnikovljevo pravilo = "H ide gde je već više H atoma"!
Pregled za ispit
Osnovne činjenice koje moraš znati: opšta formula CₙH₂ₙ, funkcionalna grupa je C=C veza, sp² hibridizacija, nomenklatura sa nastavkom -en.
Izomerija uključuje strukturnu (niz i položaj) i geometrijsku . Za geometriju je uslov da svaki C iz C=C veze nosi 2 različite grupe.
Glavna reakcija je elektrofilna adicija gde se kida pi veza. Ključne su: hidrogenovanje (→ alkan), halogenovanje (dokaz nezasićenosti), hidrohalogenovanje i hidratacija (obe prate Markovnikovljevo pravilo).
Markovnikovljevo pravilo je ključno za predviđanje proizvoda adicije na nesimetrične alkene. H atom ide na C koji je bogatiji vodonikom!
Finalni savet: Vežbaj primere adicije - to je najvažniji deo gradiva o alkenima!
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Uvod u Alkenes
Alkeni su nezasićeni ugljovodonici koji sadrže dvostruku vezu između ugljenikovih atoma. Zbog te dvostruke veze su mnogo reaktivniji od alkana i lako ulaze u reakcije adicije.
Osnovne karakteristike alkena
Alkeni su porodica organskih jedinjenja koja se razlikuje od alkana po tome što imaju dvostruku C=C vezu. Zbog te veze imaju manje atoma vodonika, pa im je opšta formula CₙH₂ₙ. Najjednostavniji alken je eten (C₂H₄) - možda si čuo da se koristi za dozrevanje voća.
Ta dvostruka veza je ono što čini alkene posebno reaktivnim. Dok alkani "sporo reaguju", alkeni su hemijski vrlo aktivni. Razlog leži u strukturi same veze.
Struktura dvostruke veze se sastoji od dve komponente. Postoji jedna sigma (σ) veza koja je jaka i nastaje čeonim preklapanjem hibridnih orbitala. Tu je i jedna pi (π) veza koja je slabija i nastaje bočnim preklapanjem p-orbitala.
Zapamti: Pi veza je slaba karika - ona se prvi kida u reakcijama!
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Hibridizacija i struktura veze
Ugljenikovi atomi koji grade dvostruku vezu imaju sp² hibridizaciju. To znači da se jedan s orbitala i dva p orbitala kombinuju u tri identične sp² orbitale. One se raspoređuju u ravni pod uglom od 120°, dok preostala p orbitala stoji normalno na tu ravan.
Sigma veza nastaje kada se sp² orbitale čeono preklope - ova veza je jaka i stabilna. Pi veza se formira kada se nehibridizovane p orbitale bočno preklope iznad i ispod ravni σ veze.
Ključna razlika: oko sigma veze je moguća rotacija, dok oko dvostruke veze nema slobodne rotacije. Zato alkeni mogu da imaju geometrijske izomere, što alkani ne mogu.
Važno za test: Sigma veza je jaka, pi veza je slaba i pokretljivija!
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Imenovanje alkena (IUPAC nomenklatura)
Kada imenuješ alkene, osnovno pravilo je da zamenišs nastavak -an sa -en (etan → eten, propan → propen). Ali tu nije kraj - moraš da označiš i gde se nalazi dvostruka veza.
Numerisanje počinješ sa onog kraja molekula kome je dvostruka veza bliža. Broj prvog ugljenika iz dvostruke veze staviš ispred nastavka -en. Na primer: but-1-en ili but-2-en.
Kada postoje supstituenti, imenuj ih po abecednom redu kao kod alkana. Važno je da uvek pronađeš najduži ugljenikov niz koji sadrži dvostruku vezu - to je tvoja osnova za ime.
Trik: Uvek brojim tako da dvostruka veza dobije najmanji mogući broj!
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Izomerija kod alkena
Alkeni pokazuju dva tipa izomerije, što znači da mogu postojati različita jedinjenja sa istom molekulskom formulom.
Strukturna izomerija je ista kao kod alkana. Tu spadaju izomerija niza (različit raspored C atoma) i izomerija položaja (različit položaj dvostruke veze). Za C₄H₈ možeš imati but-1-en, but-2-en i 2-metilpropen.
Geometrijska izomerija je specifična za alkene. Javlja se jer nema rotacije oko dvostruke veze. Uslov je da svaki C atom iz dvostruke veze vezuje dve različite grupe.
Cis-izomer ima istovrsne grupe na istoj strani, trans-izomer na suprotnim stranama. But-2-en ima oba oblika, dok but-1-en nema jer prvi C vezuje dva ista H atoma.
Pažnja: Ne zaboravi uslov za geometriju - svaki C iz dvostruke veze mora da ima 2 različite supstituenta!
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Reakcije adicije - osnove
Adicija je najvažnija reakcija alkena i sigurno će biti na testu. Tokom adicije se kida slaba pi veza, a novi atomi se vezuju za ugljenike iz dvostruke veze. Molekul postaje zasićen.
Opšta formula je: C=C + A-B → C(A)-C(B). Ovo je logično - dvostruka veza "prima" dva nova atoma.
Hidrogenovanje je adicija H₂ uz katalizator (Ni, Pt, Pd) na povišenoj temperaturi. Od alkena nastaje alkan: eten + H₂ → etan.
Halogenovanje je adicija halogena poput Br₂. Ova reakcija sa bromnom vodom se koristi kao dokazna reakcija za alkene - crvenosmeđa boja nestaje jer se brom vezuje za dvostruku vezu!
Test za alkene: Bromna voda gubi boju u prisustvu alkena, a alkani ne reaguju!
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Markovnikovljevo pravilo
Kada se nesimetrični reagens (kao HBr) adira na nesimetrični alken, ne možeš staviti atome bilo gde. Tu važi Markovnikovljevo pravilo - jedan od najvažnijih pravila u organskoj hemiji.
Pravilo kaže: Vodonikov atom ide na onaj C atom iz dvostruke veze koji je "bogatiji" vodonikom (već ima više H atoma vezanih). "Bogat se još više bogati!"
Primer sa propenom: CH₃-CH=CH₂ + HBr. C-1 ima 2H atoma, C-2 ima 1H atom. Po pravilu, H⁺ ide na C-1, a Br⁻ na C-2, dajući 2-brompropan kao glavni proizvod.
Hidratacija (adicija vode) se takođe vrši po ovom pravilu uz kiselinu kao katalizator. Od propena nastaje propan-2-ol.
Za ispit: Markovnikovljevo pravilo = "H ide gde je već više H atoma"!
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Pregled za ispit
Osnovne činjenice koje moraš znati: opšta formula CₙH₂ₙ, funkcionalna grupa je C=C veza, sp² hibridizacija, nomenklatura sa nastavkom -en.
Izomerija uključuje strukturnu (niz i položaj) i geometrijsku . Za geometriju je uslov da svaki C iz C=C veze nosi 2 različite grupe.
Glavna reakcija je elektrofilna adicija gde se kida pi veza. Ključne su: hidrogenovanje (→ alkan), halogenovanje (dokaz nezasićenosti), hidrohalogenovanje i hidratacija (obe prate Markovnikovljevo pravilo).
Markovnikovljevo pravilo je ključno za predviđanje proizvoda adicije na nesimetrične alkene. H atom ide na C koji je bogatiji vodonikom!
Finalni savet: Vežbaj primere adicije - to je najvažniji deo gradiva o alkenima!
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Improve your grades
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We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user