A natural event which has the potential to cause harm, distruption or destroy property and possessions.

A natural hazard that has already happened.

•Tectonic (Geological) caused by land and tectonic processes eg. earthquakes      •Climate (Meteorological) caused by the weather and climate eg. flooding 

The immediate impacts caused by the hazard itself eg. people being injured or killed

Impacts which happen later on, often as the result of the primary effects eg. food and water shortages 

An action taken straight away to save lives, prevent human suffering or mitigate property damage eg. evacuating people

•Crust- very thin, made from rocks, 7-90km thick.             •Mantle- 2900km thick, 84% of Earths volume, 1000-3700*c, mixture of solid and liquid magnesium, iron,oxygen, silicone.          •Inner Core- radius of 1220km,made of solid metal, 6000*c.                            •Outer Core- 2300km thick, made of liquid metal, 4400*c.

What are the 4 structures within the Earth? Give a brief description of each.

The Earth's crust is divided into slabs called tectonic plates which float on the mantle.

•Continental: crust is thicker, and less dense            •Oceanic: crust is thinner, and more dense.

What are the two types of crusts plates are made of?

An Action that goes on for months or years after a disaster eg. rebuilding homes

The convection currents (flowing liquid) in the mantle.

Called Plate margins/boundaries. Examples: Eurasian, Pacific and African

What is the place where Tectonic plates meet called? Name 3 examples.

1- Rock in the mantle is heated from the core.          2- Hot rock rises,near the surface, it spreads, forcing the crust (where the plate margins may be) above to push apart.                            3-Eventually, the warmer rock cools and begins to fall back to the core.

What are the 3 processes of Convection Currents?

-wealth -population density  -geographical location 

How rich or poor a country is will affect how well it prepares for a hazard, and how it is able to cope with the effects of a hazard.

Areas which have high population densities (eg. urban areas) are more likely to be severely impacted. 

The location of a place (eg. close to a volcano) influences the risks that hazards pose.

How is Geographical location a hazard risk?

1- An oceanic plate moves towards a continental plate. 2- The denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate.                     3- Friction between the plates is caused as they move causing an earthquake.   4- The oceanic plate melts in the mantle and mixes with sea water. This liquid rises up through cracks in the mantle as a volcanic eruption.

What are the 4 steps in the process of a Destructive plate margin?

Powerful earthquakes and violent composite volcanoes.

What hazards are caused at a destructive plate margin?

What way do the Oceanic plate and Continental Plate move on a Destructive Plate margin?

1- Two plates slide past eachother. 2-As they move,they get caught on eachother. 3-Pressure builds up ahd is released as an earthquake when the plates suddenly jolt free.

What are the 3 steps in the process of a Conservative Margin?

What hazard is caused at a Conservative Plate Margin?

➡️⬅️ or ➡️➡️ (above and below eachother).

What direction do the 2 plates move on a Conservative Plate Margin?

1-Two plates move apart from eachother.                               2-This creats a gap in the Earths crust.                            3-Magma from the mantle rises to fill this gap and a volcanic eruption occurs.         4-Small earthquakes also occur due to the movement of magma. 

What are the 4 steps in the process of a Constructive Plate Margin?

What hazards are caused at a Constructive plate margin?

What directions do the tectonic plates move at a Constructive Plate Margin?

What Case study shows the impacts and management of tectonic hazards?

What scale do we use to measure the severity of earthquakes?

-700 killed  -4.4 million homes without electricity  -transport + communication affected      

What are 3 primary effects of the Japan Earthquake?

-9000 deaths -22,000 injured   -600,000 buildings damaged.

What are 3 primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

-$300 bn worth of damage      -crops couldn't grow        -Fukushima power plant radiation leak

What are 3 Secondary effects of the Japan Earthquake?

-$10 bn worth of damage        -over 1 mil children couldn't return to school    -distrupted tourist economy 

What are 3 Secondary effects of the Nepal Earthquake?

What was the magnitude of each earthquake?

-Search and Rescue      -Tsunami warning issued within minutes        -91 countries sent support 

What are 3 immediate responses to the Japan Earthquake?

-No help sent for 24 hours     -9 helicopters of Nepalese Army sent but not enough    -China,Pakistan and India sent support 

What are 3 Immediate responses of the Nepal Earthquake 

-All 55 Nuclear power plants shut down         -116 countries and 28 international organisations offered support  -330,000 still homeless a year later.

What are 3 long term responses of the Japan Earthquake?

-Tourists cancelled bookings:lost money in the tourist economy.   -£450 mil sent from international aid but not enough.    -300 million homeless 

What are 3 long term responses of the Nepal Earthquake?

1- Japan=HIC, it had stricter building codes before disaster, well trained & resourced emergency services, reducing the number of deaths. But repair costs were higher as replacing expensive infrastructure costs more. Nepal=LIC           2-Population size and density was higher in Nepal, meaning more people are likely to be affected 

Give 2 reasons why the Nepal  Earthquake had worse effects than the Japan Earthquake.

1- Nepal=LIC so relied on international help, had fewer resources readily available, had more damage to tackle.    2- Nepal took longer to tackle homelessness and getting children back into school.

Give 2 reasons why the Nepal Earthquake had worse responses than the Japan Earthquake.

-cities developed before people knew about the hazard         -fertile soil from ash from volcanoes=good for agriculture          -lava contains minerals like gold, diamond, zinc            -geothermal energy provided by volcanoes             -tourist attraction at volcanoes:jobs provided 

Why do people live near tectonic hazards? Give 5 reasons.

-monitoring  -predicting  -protection   -planning

What are the 4 management strategies for reducing the risk from tectonic hazards?

•patterns of activity monitored by seismometers. •cannot be predicted till moments before.

How can Earthquakes be Monitored and Predicted?

•GPS and satellites monitor changes      •gases erupt prior to eruption       •eruptions can be predicted

How can volcanoes be monitored and predicted?

Earthquake proof buildings with shock absorbers can be built.

How can people be protected by Earthquakes?

Lava can be converted away from settlements.

How can people be protected from volcanoes?

•earthquake drills and educating people     •residential homes made earthquake safe (drilling furniture to walls)

How can Planning reduce the risk of an earthquake?

•exclusion zones around volcanoes    •evacuation to safe areas     •emergency supplies stock piled.

How can Planning reduce the risk of Volcanoes?

The circulation of air in the atmosphere in cells moves heat around the planet creating different climate zones. The way that air moves is called global atmospheric circulation.

What does the circulation of air in the atmosphere do?

Due to the sun's energy being concentrated at the equator, the temperature is hot. Hot air rises, creating a low pressure belt. When the air reaches high altitudes it moves north and south.

What is the first step in how the air circulates in the atmosphere?

As the air moves away from the equator it cools and begins to sink. Sinking air creates a high pressure belt at 30°North.

What is the second step in how the air circulates in the atmosphere? 

Wind is the movement of air from high to low pressure. When the sinking air reaches the surface, some moves back to the equator as trade winds. This completes the Hadley Cell. Some air moves North as westerlies to start the Ferrel Cell.

What is the 3rd step in how the air circulates in the atmosphere?

Winds moving North meet cold winds from the polar cell. The warmer Ferrel Cell winds are forced to rise, creating a low pressure belt at 60°North.

What is the 4th step in how the air circulates in the atmosphere?

Air moving North in the Polar Cell cools and sinks at 90°North. This creates high pressure. Winds move from high pressure at 90°N to low pressure at 60°N completing the Polar Cell.

What is the 5th step in how the air circulates in the atmosphere?

Hot and Wet. Concentrated solar insolation creates a hot climate. Hot air rises, creating low pressure. It cools and condenses to give predictable conventional rainfall.

What is the climate like at the Equator? Explain why.

Hot and Dry. Sinking air loses moisture, giving clear blue skies and little precipitation. It is hot as it's still quite close to the equator.

What is the climate like at the sub tropical high pressure belt? Explain why.

Mild and Wet. Air moving North in the ferrel cell is forced when it meets cold air from the Polar Cell. It cools and condenses, giving frontal rainfall.

What is the climate like at sub polar low pressure belt? Explain why.

Cold and Dry. The sun's insolation is spread out over a large area, making it cold. Sinking air in the Polar Cell gives high pressure and dry weather.

What is the climate like at the Poles? Explain why.

Over warm water 26-28°c and at least 50 metres deep.This provides the storm with energy. The air pressure must be unstable (where high and low pressures meet). Occur between 5° and 15° North and South of the Equator.

What are the conditions for tropical storms to form?

What is the strength of tropical storms measured on?

1) Warm water above 27°c and at least 50m deep evaporates at the ocean surface. 2) As it rises, the warm, moist air cools and condenses to form towering thunderstorm clouds. 

State the first 2 steps for the formation of a tropical storm. 

3) The coriolis effect (spinning of earth) and trade winds start the storm spinning. 4) Over a period of days, more evaporation adds more energy to the storm system and a tropical storm is formed. 

State steps 3 and 4 in the formation of a tropical storm. 

5) Winds blow the tropical storm across the ocean. It continues to pick up more heat energy as it continues to pick up more heat energy as it moves. 6) When tropical storms hit land, its source of energy (warm water) is lost, so it dies out.

State the last two steps (5&6) of the formation of tropical storms. 

What is the structure of a tropical storm?

When did Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines and what category was the storm. 

-6300 killed mostly by 5m storm surge. -90% of the city Tacloban was destroyed. - 1 million homes destroyed or damaged. -Power lines and other essential infrastructure was destroyed or damaged. -30,000 fishing boats destroyed. 

Give 5 Primary Effects of Typhoon Haiyan. 

-Damage costs was $5.8 billion. -Flooding cause landslides, blocking roads and delaying relief efforts. -Damaged water supplies and unsanitary conditions led to illness like dysentery.  -1.9 million became homeless.  -6 million lost their sources of income in industries like fishing and agriculture. 

Give 5 Secondary Effects of Typhoon Haiyan. 

-$1.5 billion of overseas aid was sent from several countries. -Search and rescue efforts from US helicopters. -Over 1200 evacuation centres were set up to help.

Give 3 Immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan. 

-Repairs to infrastructure. -Mangrove forests planted to provide a barrier against future storm surges.  -Typhoon Resistance housing built and no build areas in vulnerable places by government. 

Give 3 Long term Responses of Typhoon Haiyan. 

-Toolkit.  -Cooking Equipment.    -Mosquito nets.    -Family Tent.    -Solar light.  

-Climate Change warms ocean temperatures. -Intensity of them may increase.    -May also change distribution and make more parts of the world vulnerable to them.

Give 3 reasons how climate change may impact tropical storms.

The development of them can be monitored with satellites. Satellite photos can be used to predict where tropical storms will hit land.

How are tropical storms monitored and predicted?

-building specially designed storm shelters.  -boarding up windows.  -building sea walls to protect against storm surges.     -planting mangrove forests for a natural barrier. 

Give 4 protection methods against tropical storms. 

-teach disaster preparation in schools or run drills.  -train emergency services or volunteers to deliver warnings.  -sign post evacuation routes.    -keeping an emergency supply kit. 

Give 3 planning methods against tropical storms. 

The UK sits at a meeting point for several different air masses bringing different weather systems. This leads to different types of extreme weather. 

Why are different weather systems brought into the UK and what does this lead to?

- Cold air travelling over the sea brings very cold weather and heavy snow.      -Continental air from the east brings very cold air and heavy snow in the winter. In the summer it brings hot and dry weather.       -Winter storms from the Atlantic and warm moist air in the summer.     -Warm dry air from the tropics brings heatwaves and droughts. 

Explain 4 different ways where the UK’s weather comes from?

Heavy rainfall in a short period of time. Causes flash flooding. 

What is a thunderstorm and what are its impacts?

Higher than average rainfall over a long period of time. Causes severe river flooding.  

What is prolonged rainfall and what are its impacts?

An extended period of time with below average rainfall. Causes water shortages, reduced crop production. The UK’s most severe droughts in 2003,2014 and 2018.

What is a draught and what are its impacts?

Extreme temperatures for a short period of time. Causes increased mortality- in 2022=40.3°c

What is a heatwave and what are its impacts? 

Very cold temperatures and lots of snow- more likely to affect scotland. Its impacts include: travel distruption, school closures. Eg. Beast from the East 2018. 

What is heavy snow and extreme cold and what are its impacts?

Exceptionally strong winds. Its impacts include: damaged power lines,trees and property. Eg. Storm Arwen in Scotland in 2021 damaged 16 million trees. 

What are strong winds and gales and what are its impacts?

-more rain, more extreme rainfall, more flash flooding.    -warmer temperatures, more heatwaves, all 10 hottest years in the UK have occured since 2002-2022. -there is no evidence for increased wind or drought. 

With global warming, what is more likely the UK will experience?

Low lying land in the south-west England that experienced extreme flooding between December 2013-February 2014. 

What are the Somerset levels and where are they located?

-Prolonged heavy rainfall. January 2014 was the highest on record. -Saturated soils meant more water ran off quicker into rivers. -High tides prevented river water escaping out to sea. 

What are 3 physical causes of the Somerset Levels flooding?

-The rivers had not been dredged for 20 years, reducing channel capacity. -Urbanisation on the floodplain increased impermeable surfaces. 

What are 2 human causes of the Somerset Levels flooding?

-600 homes were flooded. -Residents evacuated into temporary shelter. -Villages cut off. -Some people couldn’t get insurance after floods. 

Give four social impacts of the Somerset Levels flooding. 

-The cost of the flood was over £100 million. -80% of businesses affected by flood. -£200 million was lost in the tourist industry. -Railway and main roads damaged.

Give four economic impacts of the Somerset Levels flooding.

-Floodwater was contaminated with sewage, chemicals and oil.  -Ecosystems destroyed. -Soils damaged by stagnant water, farming affected. -Debris needed to be cleared from land. 

Give four environmental impacts of the Somerset Levels flooding. 

-The Met Office issued flood warnings. -Residents used sandbags to protect their property. -Temporary pumps pumped out water back into rivers. -Boats were used to help and get food to stranded people. 

Give 4 immmediate strategies to reduce the Somerset levels flooding risk.

-A 20-year Somerset and Moors Flood Action Plan launched costing £100 million.  -Rivers dredged costing £6 million. -Some road levels raised. -Pumping stations made permanent. -A tidal barrage built at Bridgewater. 

Give 5 long term strategies to reduce the Somerset levels flooding risk.

The last 2.6 million years, for most of it the Earth’s temperature has been colder than it is today. 

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