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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Geography
26 Nov 2025
327
4 pages
Jessica @jessica_bjeq
Coastal geography is all about understanding how waves and water constantly shape our shorelines. You'll learn how powerful... Show more
Ever wondered why beaches change shape after storms? It's all down to swash and backwash - the constant push and pull of waves. When waves break on shore, the swash pushes water and sediment up the beach, whilst backwash drags material back down towards the sea.
Erosion is nature's way of wearing away coastlines through powerful forces. Hydraulic action happens when waves smash against rocks, forcing water and air into cracks until they split apart. Meanwhile, attrition occurs when chunks of rock bash together in the waves, gradually grinding down from boulders to pebbles to sand.
The key difference to remember deposition drops sediment off (like building up a beach), whilst erosion takes it away. Transportation simply moves material from one place to another through various methods.
Quick Tip Think of swash as "swooshing up" and backwash as "washing back" - this helps you remember which direction each one goes!
Our world's becoming incredibly connected through globalisation - the spreading of ideas, cultures and trade across countries. Transnational corporations (TNCs) play a huge role by operating factories, shops and offices worldwide, often outsourcing production to different countries for cheaper costs.
Coastal areas need serious protection from erosion, so engineers use several clever techniques. Groynes trap sediment to build bigger beaches, whilst sea walls shield cliff bases from pounding waves. Rock armour involves placing massive boulders to absorb wave energy, and beach nourishment brings in sand from elsewhere to rebuild eroded shores.
Sometimes the best strategy is managed retreat - simply allowing certain coastline sections to erode naturally rather than fighting an expensive, losing battle against the sea.
Real-World Connection Many of your favourite brands are TNCs - think McDonald's, Nike, or Apple - all operating across multiple countries!
Different jobs fit into four economic sectors that build on each other. Primary industries extract raw materials (farming, fishing, mining), secondary manufacturing turns these into products, tertiary provides services like shops and restaurants, whilst quaternary focuses on research, IT and knowledge-based work.
Concordant coastlines form when rock layers run parallel to the shore, creating distinctive patterns. Hard, resistant rocks stick out as headlands whilst softer rocks erode faster to form sheltered bays. This process takes hundreds or thousands of years.
The geography creates a natural cycle - headlands protect bays from further erosion, allowing beaches to form in these calmer areas. Meanwhile, the exposed headlands continue getting battered by waves and gradually worn away.
Memory Trick Think "Primary = Plants and mines, Secondary = Stuff made, Tertiary = Services, Quaternary = Questions and research"!
Coastlines create spectacular features through relentless erosion processes. Headlands and bays develop when waves use hydraulic action and abrasion to attack different rock types - hard rocks resist erosion whilst soft rocks get worn away much faster.
The famous cave-arch-stack-stump sequence shows how erosion transforms coastlines over time. Waves first carve caves into cliff faces, then continue eroding until the cave breaks through to form an arch. Eventually the arch roof collapses, leaving an isolated stack of rock.
Abrasion plays a crucial role throughout this process - it's when stones and rocks in seawater scrape against cliffs like natural sandpaper. Combined with hydraulic action, these forces gradually wear down even the toughest coastal rocks until stacks become tiny stumps.
Exam Success For 6-mark questions, always explain the process (like hydraulic action), give an example, then link back to your main point - this structure guarantees good marks!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
8
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the comprehensive coastal management strategies implemented in Lyme Regis, a UNESCO World Heritage site on the Jurassic Coast. This study note covers the challenges of coastal erosion, the phases of the Environmental Improvement Scheme, and the impacts on local communities and ecosystems. Ideal for students studying coastal landscapes and management practices.
GeographyExplore detailed case studies on coastal erosion and management strategies, including hard engineering solutions like sea walls and groynes. This resource covers significant examples such as the Holderness Coast and the Aswan High Dam, highlighting the impacts of coastal defenses and sediment management. Ideal for A-Level Geography students seeking to understand coastal landscapes and systems.
GeographyExplore the lunar phases from new moon to full moon and learn about the solar system's planets, their orbits, and the relationship between Earth's position and the seasons. This summary covers key concepts in astronomy, including the moon's cycles and the arrangement of celestial bodies.
GeographyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Jessica
@jessica_bjeq
Coastal geography is all about understanding how waves and water constantly shape our shorelines. You'll learn how powerful forces create stunning features like caves, arches and bays, plus discover how different industries connect to global trade networks.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why beaches change shape after storms? It's all down to swash and backwash - the constant push and pull of waves. When waves break on shore, the swash pushes water and sediment up the beach, whilst backwash drags material back down towards the sea.
Erosion is nature's way of wearing away coastlines through powerful forces. Hydraulic action happens when waves smash against rocks, forcing water and air into cracks until they split apart. Meanwhile, attrition occurs when chunks of rock bash together in the waves, gradually grinding down from boulders to pebbles to sand.
The key difference to remember: deposition drops sediment off (like building up a beach), whilst erosion takes it away. Transportation simply moves material from one place to another through various methods.
Quick Tip: Think of swash as "swooshing up" and backwash as "washing back" - this helps you remember which direction each one goes!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our world's becoming incredibly connected through globalisation - the spreading of ideas, cultures and trade across countries. Transnational corporations (TNCs) play a huge role by operating factories, shops and offices worldwide, often outsourcing production to different countries for cheaper costs.
Coastal areas need serious protection from erosion, so engineers use several clever techniques. Groynes trap sediment to build bigger beaches, whilst sea walls shield cliff bases from pounding waves. Rock armour involves placing massive boulders to absorb wave energy, and beach nourishment brings in sand from elsewhere to rebuild eroded shores.
Sometimes the best strategy is managed retreat - simply allowing certain coastline sections to erode naturally rather than fighting an expensive, losing battle against the sea.
Real-World Connection: Many of your favourite brands are TNCs - think McDonald's, Nike, or Apple - all operating across multiple countries!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Different jobs fit into four economic sectors that build on each other. Primary industries extract raw materials (farming, fishing, mining), secondary manufacturing turns these into products, tertiary provides services like shops and restaurants, whilst quaternary focuses on research, IT and knowledge-based work.
Concordant coastlines form when rock layers run parallel to the shore, creating distinctive patterns. Hard, resistant rocks stick out as headlands whilst softer rocks erode faster to form sheltered bays. This process takes hundreds or thousands of years.
The geography creates a natural cycle - headlands protect bays from further erosion, allowing beaches to form in these calmer areas. Meanwhile, the exposed headlands continue getting battered by waves and gradually worn away.
Memory Trick: Think "Primary = Plants and mines, Secondary = Stuff made, Tertiary = Services, Quaternary = Questions and research"!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Coastlines create spectacular features through relentless erosion processes. Headlands and bays develop when waves use hydraulic action and abrasion to attack different rock types - hard rocks resist erosion whilst soft rocks get worn away much faster.
The famous cave-arch-stack-stump sequence shows how erosion transforms coastlines over time. Waves first carve caves into cliff faces, then continue eroding until the cave breaks through to form an arch. Eventually the arch roof collapses, leaving an isolated stack of rock.
Abrasion plays a crucial role throughout this process - it's when stones and rocks in seawater scrape against cliffs like natural sandpaper. Combined with hydraulic action, these forces gradually wear down even the toughest coastal rocks until stacks become tiny stumps.
Exam Success: For 6-mark questions, always explain the process (like hydraulic action), give an example, then link back to your main point - this structure guarantees good marks!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
8
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the comprehensive coastal management strategies implemented in Lyme Regis, a UNESCO World Heritage site on the Jurassic Coast. This study note covers the challenges of coastal erosion, the phases of the Environmental Improvement Scheme, and the impacts on local communities and ecosystems. Ideal for students studying coastal landscapes and management practices.
GeographyExplore detailed case studies on coastal erosion and management strategies, including hard engineering solutions like sea walls and groynes. This resource covers significant examples such as the Holderness Coast and the Aswan High Dam, highlighting the impacts of coastal defenses and sediment management. Ideal for A-Level Geography students seeking to understand coastal landscapes and systems.
GeographyExplore the lunar phases from new moon to full moon and learn about the solar system's planets, their orbits, and the relationship between Earth's position and the seasons. This summary covers key concepts in astronomy, including the moon's cycles and the arrangement of celestial bodies.
GeographyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
