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3
1
E
Erin Dixon
05/12/2025
Geography
Geography Natural Hazard Notes
269
•
5 Dec 2025
•
Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Natural Hazards
E
Erin Dixon
@erindixon_zprn
1 / 5
Understanding Natural Hazards and Risk Factors
Ever wondered why some places seem to get hit by disasters more than others? Natural hazards are threats from natural processes that can harm people or damage property.
There are two main types you need to know. Geological hazards come from land and tectonic processes - think earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Meteorological hazards are caused by weather and climate, including tropical storms and heatwaves.
The actual risk depends on several key factors. Population density matters hugely - more people in an area means higher risk when disaster strikes. A country's capacity to cope is crucial too - wealthier nations (HICs) can build flood defences and evacuate people much better than poorer countries.
💡 Remember: The same earthquake will have very different impacts in Japan compared to a less developed country due to different preparation levels.
The magnitude (how powerful) and frequency (how often) of hazards also affect risk. Some hazards like tropical storms can be predicted, giving people time to prepare, whilst earthquakes happen suddenly with little warning.
Tectonic Plates and Plate Boundaries
Your feet are actually standing on giant moving puzzle pieces right now! Earth's structure has three main layers: the core , the mantle , and the crust (the outer layer we live on).
The crust is split into massive tectonic plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle below. Continental crust is thicker but less dense, whilst oceanic crust is thinner but denser.
Where plates meet at plate boundaries, different things happen. At destructive margins, plates crash together - the denser oceanic plate gets forced down, often creating volcanoes and ocean trenches. Constructive margins see plates moving apart, with magma rising to fill gaps and create new crust.
💡 Quick Tip: Think of destructive margins as recycling old crust, and constructive margins as making new crust!
Conservative margins have plates sliding past each other sideways, which often causes earthquakes when they get stuck and suddenly jerk free.
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanoes form where molten rock (magma) can reach the surface, mainly at destructive and constructive plate boundaries. At destructive margins, the oceanic plate melts as it's pushed down, creating magma that rises through cracks called vents. Some volcanoes also form over extremely hot parts of the mantle called hotspots.
When volcanoes erupt, they don't just spew lava. They can blast out ash that blocks sunlight and creates devastating pyroclastic flows - superheated mixtures of gas, ash, and rock that move incredibly fast.
Earthquakes happen at all three types of plate boundary when tension builds up and plates suddenly move. The energy releases as shock waves that spread out from the focus (where it starts underground). The epicentre is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
💡 Key Point: Earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale, which shows how much energy was released.
The closer you are to the focus, the stronger the shaking feels. This is why damage is usually worst near the epicentre.
Impacts and Responses to Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic hazards can absolutely devastate communities, but the impacts vary massively between wealthy and poor countries. Both earthquakes and volcanoes destroy buildings, kill people, damage infrastructure, and disrupt essential services like electricity and water.
The immediate aftermath brings serious challenges. Roads get blocked, preventing emergency services from reaching victims. People become homeless and lack clean water, making disease spread easier. The economic impact can be huge - businesses close, tourism drops, and repairs cost millions.
Comparing two major earthquakes shows this difference clearly. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in Italy (6.3 magnitude) killed 300 people, but services were restored quickly and the city was rebuilt efficiently. However, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan (7.6 magnitude) killed 80,000 people, and many areas still hadn't fully recovered years later.
💡 Reality Check: Wealthier countries can respond faster with better emergency services, medical care, and rebuilding programmes.
Immediate responses focus on rescue, treating injuries, and providing temporary shelter. Long-term responses involve rebuilding, improving building standards, and helping communities recover economically.
Living with Tectonic Hazards
You might wonder why millions of people choose to live in earthquake zones or near active volcanoes - but there are actually good reasons! Many families have lived there for generations and have jobs they can't easily leave. Others trust their government to help them rebuild after disasters.
Volcanic soil is incredibly fertile due to minerals from ash and lava, making it perfect for farming. Volcanoes also attract tourists, creating jobs in the tourism industry that boost local economies.
Fortunately, there are ways to reduce the risks. Monitoring uses seismometers and lasers to detect earth movements, whilst tiny earthquakes and escaping gases can warn of volcanic eruptions. Protection involves designing earthquake-resistant buildings with reinforced concrete and special foundations.
💡 Smart Strategy: You can't prevent tectonic hazards, but you can definitely prepare for them!
Planning is crucial - emergency services train for disasters, governments create evacuation routes, and communities stockpile emergency supplies. Education programmes teach people exactly what to do when disaster strikes, potentially saving thousands of lives.
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Natural Hazards
E
Erin Dixon
@erindixon_zprn
Natural hazards are threats that can cause serious damage, injury, or death through natural processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and extreme weather. Understanding how tectonic plates move and interact helps explain why some areas face higher risks than others.
Understanding Natural Hazards and Risk Factors
Ever wondered why some places seem to get hit by disasters more than others? Natural hazards are threats from natural processes that can harm people or damage property.
There are two main types you need to know. Geological hazards come from land and tectonic processes - think earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Meteorological hazards are caused by weather and climate, including tropical storms and heatwaves.
The actual risk depends on several key factors. Population density matters hugely - more people in an area means higher risk when disaster strikes. A country's capacity to cope is crucial too - wealthier nations (HICs) can build flood defences and evacuate people much better than poorer countries.
💡 Remember: The same earthquake will have very different impacts in Japan compared to a less developed country due to different preparation levels.
The magnitude (how powerful) and frequency (how often) of hazards also affect risk. Some hazards like tropical storms can be predicted, giving people time to prepare, whilst earthquakes happen suddenly with little warning.
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Tectonic Plates and Plate Boundaries
Your feet are actually standing on giant moving puzzle pieces right now! Earth's structure has three main layers: the core , the mantle , and the crust (the outer layer we live on).
The crust is split into massive tectonic plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle below. Continental crust is thicker but less dense, whilst oceanic crust is thinner but denser.
Where plates meet at plate boundaries, different things happen. At destructive margins, plates crash together - the denser oceanic plate gets forced down, often creating volcanoes and ocean trenches. Constructive margins see plates moving apart, with magma rising to fill gaps and create new crust.
💡 Quick Tip: Think of destructive margins as recycling old crust, and constructive margins as making new crust!
Conservative margins have plates sliding past each other sideways, which often causes earthquakes when they get stuck and suddenly jerk free.
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Improve your grades
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Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanoes form where molten rock (magma) can reach the surface, mainly at destructive and constructive plate boundaries. At destructive margins, the oceanic plate melts as it's pushed down, creating magma that rises through cracks called vents. Some volcanoes also form over extremely hot parts of the mantle called hotspots.
When volcanoes erupt, they don't just spew lava. They can blast out ash that blocks sunlight and creates devastating pyroclastic flows - superheated mixtures of gas, ash, and rock that move incredibly fast.
Earthquakes happen at all three types of plate boundary when tension builds up and plates suddenly move. The energy releases as shock waves that spread out from the focus (where it starts underground). The epicentre is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
💡 Key Point: Earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale, which shows how much energy was released.
The closer you are to the focus, the stronger the shaking feels. This is why damage is usually worst near the epicentre.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Impacts and Responses to Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic hazards can absolutely devastate communities, but the impacts vary massively between wealthy and poor countries. Both earthquakes and volcanoes destroy buildings, kill people, damage infrastructure, and disrupt essential services like electricity and water.
The immediate aftermath brings serious challenges. Roads get blocked, preventing emergency services from reaching victims. People become homeless and lack clean water, making disease spread easier. The economic impact can be huge - businesses close, tourism drops, and repairs cost millions.
Comparing two major earthquakes shows this difference clearly. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in Italy (6.3 magnitude) killed 300 people, but services were restored quickly and the city was rebuilt efficiently. However, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan (7.6 magnitude) killed 80,000 people, and many areas still hadn't fully recovered years later.
💡 Reality Check: Wealthier countries can respond faster with better emergency services, medical care, and rebuilding programmes.
Immediate responses focus on rescue, treating injuries, and providing temporary shelter. Long-term responses involve rebuilding, improving building standards, and helping communities recover economically.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Living with Tectonic Hazards
You might wonder why millions of people choose to live in earthquake zones or near active volcanoes - but there are actually good reasons! Many families have lived there for generations and have jobs they can't easily leave. Others trust their government to help them rebuild after disasters.
Volcanic soil is incredibly fertile due to minerals from ash and lava, making it perfect for farming. Volcanoes also attract tourists, creating jobs in the tourism industry that boost local economies.
Fortunately, there are ways to reduce the risks. Monitoring uses seismometers and lasers to detect earth movements, whilst tiny earthquakes and escaping gases can warn of volcanic eruptions. Protection involves designing earthquake-resistant buildings with reinforced concrete and special foundations.
💡 Smart Strategy: You can't prevent tectonic hazards, but you can definitely prepare for them!
Planning is crucial - emergency services train for disasters, governments create evacuation routes, and communities stockpile emergency supplies. Education programmes teach people exactly what to do when disaster strikes, potentially saving thousands of lives.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.9/5
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4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user