The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Rural-to-urban migration and natural population increase.

A city with a population of over 10 million people.

Due to higher rates of rural-to-urban migration and natural increase.

Why is urbanisation faster in LICs and NEEs?

Factors that drive people away from rural areas, such as poverty or lack of services.

Factors that attract people to cities, such as job opportunities and better healthcare.

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the countryside.

Better access to education and healthcare.

Name a social opportunity created by urban growth.

More job opportunities in industries and services.

Name an economic opportunity created by urban growth.

It leads to investment in transport, housing, and utilities.

How can urban growth improve infrastructure?

Unregulated jobs often found in LICs, such as street vending.

A lack of basic services or quality living conditions in parts of a city.

Name two environmental challenges caused by urban growth.

Lack of affordable housing and rapid migration into cities.

What causes informal settlements (slums)?

Spread of diseases due to poor sanitation.

Name one health issue associated with slums.

Differences in access to housing, education, healthcare, and jobs within a city.

It increases air pollution and travel times.

How does traffic congestion affect cities?

Abandoned buildings or land that have fallen into disrepair.

It leads to loss of farmland and increased pollution.

How does urban sprawl affect the rural-urban fringe?

Name an example of an LIC/NEE city studied in GCSE Geography.

What percentage of Mumbai’s population lives in slums?

Lack of clean water and sanitation systems in slums.

Name one challenge faced by Mumbai due to rapid urbanisation.

It has a major international port and industries like Bollywood.

How does Mumbai’s location benefit its economy?

Access to jobs in industries like textiles and IT.

Name one opportunity provided by Mumbai’s urban growth.

Name an example of a UK city studied in GCSE Geography.

Land previously used for industrial purposes that can be redeveloped.

Undeveloped land on the rural-urban fringe used for new developments.

 By using greenbelt policies to limit development around the city.

Air pollution caused by traffic congestion.

Name one environmental challenge faced by London due to urbanisation.

Towns outside greenbelt zones where residents commute into cities for work 

Managing resources without compromising future generations’ needs 

A green roof is covered with vegetation, reducing urban heat, improving insulation, and enhancing biodiversity.

What is a green roof, and how does it contribute to sustainability?

Through integrated public transport, energy-efficient apartments, and 10 hectares of green spaces for wildlife.

How does East Village in London promote sustainable urban living?

Solar panels, 100% waste and water recycling, car-free zones, and urban farming in biodomes.

What features make Dubai’s Sustainable City eco-friendly?

High population density, reliance on cars, and inadequate public transport systems.

What are the main causes of traffic congestion in cities?

Increased population generates more waste, leading to landfill shortages and pollution.

How does urbanisation contribute to waste management challenges?

When people live in distinct areas based on ethnicity or income, limiting social mobility and interaction.

What is ethnic segregation in urban areas?

It worsens health issues and contributes to climate change due to emissions from vehicles and industries.

How does air pollution affect urban environments?

Limited access to quality housing, education, healthcare, and higher crime rates.

What are the social impacts of poverty in urban areas?

English (UK)

Flashcards for Urban issues and Challenges 

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Everything you need to revise families for paper 2 :)

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Revision maps for all 9 crime and deviance topics
I want to say thank you to everyone who's been so patient while i finished these notes- I got so many message asking if i had full topic notes for this unit so I'm glad to hear my work is helping people :)

Explore an extensive revision of crime and deviance topics, including theories, types of crime, and the impact of media. This resource covers key concepts such as Marxism, functionalism, gender and crime, and the influence of globalization on criminal behavior. Ideal for students seeking a thorough understanding of criminology and its various theories. Type: Full Topic Revision.

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Criminology unit 4 detailed revision note

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aqa higher tier combined science -  biology b1 : cell biology, paper 1

Mindmaps for the crime and punishment topic. Remember, the exam for this is like a normal alevel so you'll need to remember as much as you can rather than take a folder in!

Comprehensive mindmaps covering key concepts in the Crime and Punishment topic for WJEC Criminology Unit 4. This resource includes detailed insights into the Criminal Justice System, crime prevention strategies, sentencing models, and the roles of various agencies. Ideal for A-Level revision, ensuring you grasp essential theories and legislative processes to excel in your exams.

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macbeth, lady macbeth and macbeth themes and context

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Revision notes for the AQA GCSE Geography specification. Does not include case studies as they are selected by the school.

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This PowerPoint covers the content for the topic of urban issues in geography. This also includes the case studies of Birmingham and Mumbai.

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