The fundamental debate of nature vs nurturein psychology explores... Show more
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Psychology revision papers neat done online
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14 Oct 2022
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revision guides
@revision
The fundamental debate of nature vs nurturein psychology explores... Show more
Memory formation involves three crucial stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. This process is fundamental to understanding how Psychology Past papers approach memory topics. The encoding stage transforms incoming information into a format the brain can store, while storage maintains this information over time.
Highlight: Memory retrieval can occur through two main methods: recall and recognition .
Shepard's 1967 study demonstrated the remarkable capacity of visual memory, showing participants could recognize previously seen images with nearly perfect accuracy after immediate testing, and still maintain 50% accuracy after four months. This research is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology past papers, as it illustrates the power of visual encoding.
The working memory model, developed by Baddeley and Hitch, expanded our understanding beyond the basic multi-store model. It explains how different components of memory work together to process and manipulate information actively, rather than just storing it passively. This model is especially important for understanding how we maintain information while performing complex cognitive tasks.
Example: When solving a math problem in your head, the central executive coordinates between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad , demonstrating working memory in action.
The study of memory in psychology has revealed fascinating insights about how our brains store and retrieve information. Peterson and Peterson's memory study demonstrated that short-term memory has a limited duration of about 18 seconds without rehearsal. Their groundbreaking research used trigrams to test memory decay.
Bahrick's 1975 study provided compelling evidence about long-term memory capabilities. When testing high school graduates' ability to recognize and recall classmates' faces and names, the research found that nature vs nurture psychology plays a role in memory formation. Recognition memory remained remarkably strong even after 45 years, with 80% accuracy, while recall dropped to 30%.
Definition: Memory recognition refers to the ability to identify previously encountered information when presented with it again, while recall involves retrieving information without external cues.
The multi-store model of memory, developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, explains how information moves through different memory systems. This model is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology A Level past papers, as it demonstrates how sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory work together.
This page details a replication of the classic Peterson and Peterson memory study, which aimed to demonstrate that information in short-term memory lasts only about 20 seconds without rehearsal.
Method:
Evaluation: The study had good control with standardized procedures, eliminating noise and other potential influences on memory. However, it lacked external validity due to the use of artificial stimuli that are not encountered in real-life situations.
Definition: The Brown-Peterson technique is a method used in memory research to prevent rehearsal of information by engaging participants in a distracting task.
Highlight: This study is significant in demonstrating the limited duration of short-term memory without active rehearsal, a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology.
This page describes Bahrick's 1975 study, which investigated people's ability to recall and recognize names and faces over extended periods, exploring the potential duration of long-term memory.
Method:
Findings:
Evaluation: The study has high ecological validity as it used real-life memories and tasks. However, a weakness is the inability to control for extraneous variables, such as participants potentially practicing or recalling these names over the years.
Highlight: This study demonstrates the remarkable durability of long-term memory, especially for recognition tasks, even after several decades.
Example: The difference between recall and recognition memory is clearly illustrated, with recognition memory showing much higher accuracy rates over time.
This page focuses on key concepts in early childhood development, particularly caregiver-infant interactions that form the basis of attachment.
Reciprocity :
Interactional Synchrony :
Vocabulary: Attachment refers to the emotional bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver, which is crucial for social and emotional development.
Highlight: These early interactions are fundamental in forming secure attachments and laying the groundwork for future social and emotional development.
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nature vs nurture in psychology, exploring how innate and environmental factors influence human development and behavior.
Nature refers to innate, genetic influences that may appear at any stage of life. The page highlights genetic explanations for conditions like schizophrenia, noting that monozygotic twins are more likely to both develop the disorder compared to dizygotic twins. Evolutionary explanations are also mentioned, such as Bowlby's theory that attachment is adaptive for survival and reproduction.
Nurture encompasses the social and physical environment and experiences that shape an individual. The page discusses behaviorist perspectives, including classical and operant conditioning in attachment formation. Social learning theory is also introduced, suggesting that while the urge to be aggressive may be biological, the expression of aggression is learned through reinforcement.
The document emphasizes that nature and nurture cannot be separated, using analogies like the length and width of a rectangle. It also introduces concepts like diathesis-stress, which proposes that a person's nature is only expressed under certain environmental conditions .
Highlight: The interplay between nature and nurture is complex, with genetic factors influencing environmental experiences and environmental factors affecting gene expression .
Example: The document mentions Maguire et al.'s study of spatial memory in taxi drivers as an example of how experience can affect brain structure .
Vocabulary: Epigenetics refers to material in each cell that acts as switches to turn genes on and off, which can be passed on to subsequent generations.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
revision guides
@revision
The fundamental debate of nature vs nurture in psychology explores how both genetic factors and environmental influences shape human development and behavior. This core concept remains central to understanding individual differences and psychological processes.
The nature vs nurture debateexamines... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Memory formation involves three crucial stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. This process is fundamental to understanding how Psychology Past papers approach memory topics. The encoding stage transforms incoming information into a format the brain can store, while storage maintains this information over time.
Highlight: Memory retrieval can occur through two main methods: recall and recognition .
Shepard's 1967 study demonstrated the remarkable capacity of visual memory, showing participants could recognize previously seen images with nearly perfect accuracy after immediate testing, and still maintain 50% accuracy after four months. This research is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology past papers, as it illustrates the power of visual encoding.
The working memory model, developed by Baddeley and Hitch, expanded our understanding beyond the basic multi-store model. It explains how different components of memory work together to process and manipulate information actively, rather than just storing it passively. This model is especially important for understanding how we maintain information while performing complex cognitive tasks.
Example: When solving a math problem in your head, the central executive coordinates between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad , demonstrating working memory in action.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The study of memory in psychology has revealed fascinating insights about how our brains store and retrieve information. Peterson and Peterson's memory study demonstrated that short-term memory has a limited duration of about 18 seconds without rehearsal. Their groundbreaking research used trigrams to test memory decay.
Bahrick's 1975 study provided compelling evidence about long-term memory capabilities. When testing high school graduates' ability to recognize and recall classmates' faces and names, the research found that nature vs nurture psychology plays a role in memory formation. Recognition memory remained remarkably strong even after 45 years, with 80% accuracy, while recall dropped to 30%.
Definition: Memory recognition refers to the ability to identify previously encountered information when presented with it again, while recall involves retrieving information without external cues.
The multi-store model of memory, developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, explains how information moves through different memory systems. This model is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology A Level past papers, as it demonstrates how sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory work together.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page details a replication of the classic Peterson and Peterson memory study, which aimed to demonstrate that information in short-term memory lasts only about 20 seconds without rehearsal.
Method:
Evaluation: The study had good control with standardized procedures, eliminating noise and other potential influences on memory. However, it lacked external validity due to the use of artificial stimuli that are not encountered in real-life situations.
Definition: The Brown-Peterson technique is a method used in memory research to prevent rehearsal of information by engaging participants in a distracting task.
Highlight: This study is significant in demonstrating the limited duration of short-term memory without active rehearsal, a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page describes Bahrick's 1975 study, which investigated people's ability to recall and recognize names and faces over extended periods, exploring the potential duration of long-term memory.
Method:
Findings:
Evaluation: The study has high ecological validity as it used real-life memories and tasks. However, a weakness is the inability to control for extraneous variables, such as participants potentially practicing or recalling these names over the years.
Highlight: This study demonstrates the remarkable durability of long-term memory, especially for recognition tasks, even after several decades.
Example: The difference between recall and recognition memory is clearly illustrated, with recognition memory showing much higher accuracy rates over time.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on key concepts in early childhood development, particularly caregiver-infant interactions that form the basis of attachment.
Reciprocity :
Interactional Synchrony :
Vocabulary: Attachment refers to the emotional bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver, which is crucial for social and emotional development.
Highlight: These early interactions are fundamental in forming secure attachments and laying the groundwork for future social and emotional development.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nature vs nurture in psychology, exploring how innate and environmental factors influence human development and behavior.
Nature refers to innate, genetic influences that may appear at any stage of life. The page highlights genetic explanations for conditions like schizophrenia, noting that monozygotic twins are more likely to both develop the disorder compared to dizygotic twins. Evolutionary explanations are also mentioned, such as Bowlby's theory that attachment is adaptive for survival and reproduction.
Nurture encompasses the social and physical environment and experiences that shape an individual. The page discusses behaviorist perspectives, including classical and operant conditioning in attachment formation. Social learning theory is also introduced, suggesting that while the urge to be aggressive may be biological, the expression of aggression is learned through reinforcement.
The document emphasizes that nature and nurture cannot be separated, using analogies like the length and width of a rectangle. It also introduces concepts like diathesis-stress, which proposes that a person's nature is only expressed under certain environmental conditions .
Highlight: The interplay between nature and nurture is complex, with genetic factors influencing environmental experiences and environmental factors affecting gene expression .
Example: The document mentions Maguire et al.'s study of spatial memory in taxi drivers as an example of how experience can affect brain structure .
Vocabulary: Epigenetics refers to material in each cell that acts as switches to turn genes on and off, which can be passed on to subsequent generations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user