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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
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English Literature
4 Dec 2025
452
4 pages
19francis.a @anoushkafrancis
Shakespeare's Macbeth is a gripping tragedy about ambition, guilt, and the supernatural that'll keep you hooked from start... Show more
Macbeth starts as a war hero who meets three witches on a moorland after battle. They prophesy he'll become Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland, whilst his mate Banquo's descendants will be kings. When King Duncan immediately promotes Macbeth to Thane of Cawdor, it seems the prophecy is coming true.
Lady Macbeth receives news of the prophecy and immediately plots Duncan's murder when he visits their castle. She's the driving force behind the plan, giving the guards drugged wine so Macbeth can kill the sleeping king. After the murder, Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee, making them look guilty.
Now king, Macbeth becomes paranoid about Banquo's prophecy and arranges his murder. Banquo dies but his son Fleance escapes, and Banquo's ghost appears at a royal banquet, sending Macbeth into a mad fit in front of his guests.
Key Point Notice how quickly Macbeth transforms from hero to murderer - this rapid character change is what makes him a classic tragic hero.
Seeking reassurance, Macbeth returns to the witches who give him three new prophecies beware Macduff, no one "born of woman" can harm him, and he's safe until Birnam Wood comes to his castle. Feeling invincible, Macbeth becomes a tyrant, slaughtering Macduff's entire family.
Meanwhile, Macduff flees to England and convinces Duncan's son Malcolm to raise an army against Macbeth. The climax arrives when Malcolm's soldiers use branches from Birnam Wood as camouflage, making the forest appear to move toward Macbeth's castle.
Lady Macbeth, consumed by guilt, sleepwalks and reveals their crimes before committing suicide. In the final battle, Macduff reveals he was "born by caesarean section" (not naturally born), fulfilling the prophecy. He kills Macbeth and crowns Malcolm as the rightful king.
Essential Vocabulary Learn terms like hamartia (fatal flaw), hubris (excessive pride), dramatic irony, and supernatural - these appear frequently in exam questions.
Lady Macbeth is arguably more ruthless than her husband, manipulating him into murder through clever psychological tactics. Her famous line "unsex me here" shows her rejecting traditional feminine qualities to gain the strength needed for evil deeds. This was shocking for Jacobean audiences who expected women to be submissive.
Her metaphor "look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it" reveals the play's central theme of appearance versus reality. She's teaching Macbeth to hide his true intentions behind a false exterior, connecting to biblical imagery of the serpent tempting Eve.
By Act 5, Lady Macbeth's earlier strength crumbles under overwhelming guilt and remorse. Her sleepwalking scene with "out, damned spot" shows her desperate attempt to wash away imaginary bloodstains, symbolising her psychological breakdown.
Exam Tip Lady Macbeth's role reversal from strong manipulator to guilt-ridden victim demonstrates how unchecked ambition destroys both characters - perfect for essays about consequences.
Macbeth's character arc is a masterclass in how unchecked ambition corrupts even the noblest person. He begins as a valiant warrior defending Scotland but transforms into a paranoid tyrant who murders children and friends. This dramatic change showcases his hamartia - the fatal flaw that destroys tragic heroes.
His disregard for morality becomes clear when he betrays King Duncan's trust and murders his loyal friend Banquo. Each evil act makes the next one easier, showing how guilt and paranoia can spiral into madness. Shakespeare uses this to warn audiences about the destructive consequences of putting personal ambition above moral duty.
The quote "Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my dark desires" perfectly captures Macbeth's internal conflict. He knows his ambitions are wrong but can't resist them, representing the eternal struggle between natural order and personal greed.
Analysis Focus Macbeth's journey from hero to villain demonstrates that even good people can become monsters when they abandon their moral compass - a timeless lesson about power and corruption.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
19francis.a
@anoushkafrancis
Shakespeare's Macbeth is a gripping tragedy about ambition, guilt, and the supernatural that'll keep you hooked from start to finish. It follows a Scottish general who receives a prophecy that he'll become king, leading him and his wife down a... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Macbeth starts as a war hero who meets three witches on a moorland after battle. They prophesy he'll become Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland, whilst his mate Banquo's descendants will be kings. When King Duncan immediately promotes Macbeth to Thane of Cawdor, it seems the prophecy is coming true.
Lady Macbeth receives news of the prophecy and immediately plots Duncan's murder when he visits their castle. She's the driving force behind the plan, giving the guards drugged wine so Macbeth can kill the sleeping king. After the murder, Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee, making them look guilty.
Now king, Macbeth becomes paranoid about Banquo's prophecy and arranges his murder. Banquo dies but his son Fleance escapes, and Banquo's ghost appears at a royal banquet, sending Macbeth into a mad fit in front of his guests.
Key Point: Notice how quickly Macbeth transforms from hero to murderer - this rapid character change is what makes him a classic tragic hero.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Seeking reassurance, Macbeth returns to the witches who give him three new prophecies: beware Macduff, no one "born of woman" can harm him, and he's safe until Birnam Wood comes to his castle. Feeling invincible, Macbeth becomes a tyrant, slaughtering Macduff's entire family.
Meanwhile, Macduff flees to England and convinces Duncan's son Malcolm to raise an army against Macbeth. The climax arrives when Malcolm's soldiers use branches from Birnam Wood as camouflage, making the forest appear to move toward Macbeth's castle.
Lady Macbeth, consumed by guilt, sleepwalks and reveals their crimes before committing suicide. In the final battle, Macduff reveals he was "born by caesarean section" (not naturally born), fulfilling the prophecy. He kills Macbeth and crowns Malcolm as the rightful king.
Essential Vocabulary: Learn terms like hamartia (fatal flaw), hubris (excessive pride), dramatic irony, and supernatural - these appear frequently in exam questions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Lady Macbeth is arguably more ruthless than her husband, manipulating him into murder through clever psychological tactics. Her famous line "unsex me here" shows her rejecting traditional feminine qualities to gain the strength needed for evil deeds. This was shocking for Jacobean audiences who expected women to be submissive.
Her metaphor "look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it" reveals the play's central theme of appearance versus reality. She's teaching Macbeth to hide his true intentions behind a false exterior, connecting to biblical imagery of the serpent tempting Eve.
By Act 5, Lady Macbeth's earlier strength crumbles under overwhelming guilt and remorse. Her sleepwalking scene with "out, damned spot" shows her desperate attempt to wash away imaginary bloodstains, symbolising her psychological breakdown.
Exam Tip: Lady Macbeth's role reversal from strong manipulator to guilt-ridden victim demonstrates how unchecked ambition destroys both characters - perfect for essays about consequences.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Macbeth's character arc is a masterclass in how unchecked ambition corrupts even the noblest person. He begins as a valiant warrior defending Scotland but transforms into a paranoid tyrant who murders children and friends. This dramatic change showcases his hamartia - the fatal flaw that destroys tragic heroes.
His disregard for morality becomes clear when he betrays King Duncan's trust and murders his loyal friend Banquo. Each evil act makes the next one easier, showing how guilt and paranoia can spiral into madness. Shakespeare uses this to warn audiences about the destructive consequences of putting personal ambition above moral duty.
The quote "Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my dark desires" perfectly captures Macbeth's internal conflict. He knows his ambitions are wrong but can't resist them, representing the eternal struggle between natural order and personal greed.
Analysis Focus: Macbeth's journey from hero to villain demonstrates that even good people can become monsters when they abandon their moral compass - a timeless lesson about power and corruption.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
5
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology