Mystery and Narrative Techniques

Stevenson employs various structural and narrative techniques to enhance the suspense and mystery in Jekyll and Hyde. The author carefully controls the flow of information, often ending chapters on cliffhangers or with promises of revelations to come.

Example: "The Last Night" chapter concludes with Utterson returning to his office "to read the two narratives in which this mystery was now to be explained," leaving the reader eager to discover the truth in the next chapter.

The characters' attitudes towards the mysterious vary, affecting the reader's perception of events:

Quote: "No, sir, I make it a rule of mine: the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask." - Enfield

Enfield's reluctance to pry into strange affairs contrasts with Utterson's determination to uncover the truth, creating tension between curiosity and propriety.

Stevenson often withholds information from the reader to heighten suspense. This technique is particularly effective in the gradual revelation of Jekyll and Hyde's true nature.

The relationship between written and spoken words is significant in the novel. Many crucial revelations come through letters or written accounts, suggesting that some truths are too shocking or complex to be spoken aloud in Victorian society.

External Appearance and Internal Character

The Victorian notion that external disfigurement reflects inner corruption is a key theme in Jekyll and Hyde. This is particularly evident in the descriptions of Mr. Hyde.

Quote: "He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong impression of deformity, although I couldn't specify the point."

This description is notable for its vagueness and the strong emotional reaction it evokes. Stevenson's language here is impressionistic, focusing on the feeling of wrongness rather than concrete details.

Highlight: The difficulty in describing Hyde's appearance contrasts sharply with the clear descriptions of his actions and reputation, emphasizing the intangible nature of evil.

Quote: "Much of his past was unearthed, indeed, and all disreputable; tales came out of the man's cruelty, at once so callous and violent, of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have surrounded his career."

This juxtaposition between the indescribable appearance and the clearly defined actions creates a sense of unease and reinforces the theme of hidden evil.

The Relationship Between Jekyll and Hyde

The relationship between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde operates on both a literal and symbolic level in the novel. Literally, they are two aspects of the same person, while symbolically they represent the struggle between good and evil within human nature.

Quote: "And Edward Hyde, alone, in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil."

This statement raises questions about Jekyll's nature – if Hyde is pure evil, does that make Jekyll purely good? The reality is more complex, reflecting the novel's exploration of moral ambiguity.

The relationship between Jekyll and Hyde can be analyzed through:

1. Their descriptions of each other
2. The effects of their actions on one another
3. What their characters represent within the narrative

This duality reflects Victorian social etiquette, which often required individuals to maintain a respectable public facade while potentially harboring darker impulses or secrets.

Language and Symbolism

Stevenson's language choices throughout Jekyll and Hyde are carefully crafted to reinforce themes and create atmosphere. The description of Jekyll's chemicals is particularly rich in symbolism:

Quote: "Half-full of a blood-red liquor, which was highly pungent to the sense of smell $...$ Suddenly and at the same moment, the ebullition ceased and the compound changed to a dark purple, which faded again to a watery green."

The vivid colors and dramatic transformation mirror the changes Jekyll undergoes, with the "blood-red" suggesting violence and the "watery green" hinting at sickness or decay.

The environment of London is also described in evocative terms:

Quote: "The fog still slept on the wing above the drowned city."

This personification of the fog creates a sense of oppression and mystery, reflecting the hidden nature of evil in the city and in the characters themselves.

Duality and Dichotomies

The concept of duality is central to Jekyll and Hyde, with Jekyll's research based on the notion that "man is not truly one, but truly two." This idea is reflected in various dichotomies throughout the novel:

1. Good vs. Evil
2. Public vs. Private
3. Rational vs. Irrational
4. Respectable vs. Disreputable

Quote: "If I am the chief of sinners, I am the chief of sufferers also."

This statement by Jekyll encapsulates the internal struggle he faces, highlighting the interconnected nature of sin and suffering in the novel's moral framework.

The exploration of these dichotomies allows Stevenson to delve into complex questions about human nature, morality, and the societal pressures of Victorian England. The novel suggests that the rigid separation of these aspects of human nature is ultimately unsustainable and potentially destructive.

The Written Word and Narrative Structure

The role of written documents is crucial in Jekyll and Hyde, both as plot devices and thematic elements. Stevenson utilizes different writing styles throughout the novel:

1. Third-person narration focused on Utterson
2. Personal letters
3. First-person accounts (Jekyll's full statement)

Highlight: The introduction of letters and individual characters' first-person narratives provides multiple perspectives on events, deepening the mystery and allowing for dramatic revelations.

The shift to first-person narration in Jekyll's final statement is particularly impactful, providing direct insight into his motivations and struggles. This change in narrative voice also emphasizes the importance of personal testimony in uncovering the truth.

The reliance on written documents in the novel reflects the Victorian era's emphasis on documentation and the written word as sources of truth and evidence. It also suggests that some truths are too shocking or complex to be spoken aloud, requiring the distance and permanence of writing to be fully expressed.

Victorian Context and Social Commentary

Jekyll and Hyde is deeply rooted in its Victorian context, offering commentary on the social norms and pressures of the era. Key aspects include:

1. The importance of reputation and respectability
2. The conflict between scientific progress and traditional morality
3. The hidden nature of vice in seemingly respectable society

Vocabulary: "Queer Street" - A colloquial term for a state of difficulty or dubious circumstances, often financial.

The novel's exploration of duality reflects the often rigid social expectations of the Victorian era, where individuals were expected to maintain a respectable public image while potentially harboring darker impulses or secrets.

Highlight: The character of Utterson represents the ideal Victorian gentleman – respectable, discreet, and morally upright. His role as the primary investigator allows the reader to experience the story through the lens of conventional Victorian morality.

Stevenson's portrayal of London, with its fog-shrouded streets and hidden dangers, serves as a metaphor for the obscured nature of evil in society. This setting reinforces the theme of duality, suggesting that beneath the civilized facade of Victorian London lurks a world of danger and moral corruption.

Structure and Character Introduction

Robert Louis Stevenson carefully crafts the structure of Jekyll and Hyde to build suspense and intrigue. The chapter titles often have a deeper relationship to the content, going beyond mere description to hint at underlying themes.

The order in which characters are introduced is significant. Mr. Utterson, the respectable lawyer, is presented first, establishing him as a moral anchor for the reader. This choice allows the reader to experience the mystery of Jekyll and Hyde through the eyes of a trustworthy narrator.

Quote: "He had an approved tolerance for others; sometimes wondering, almost with envy, at the high pressure of spirits involved in their misdeeds."

This description of Utterson sets up his role as an impartial observer, while also hinting at the internal struggle between propriety and temptation that becomes central to the novel.

Highlight: Stevenson introduces Jekyll and Hyde through other characters' impressions before the reader meets them directly, creating an air of mystery and allowing multiple perspectives on their nature.

Dr. Lanyon's description of Jekyll as becoming "too fanciful" would have been particularly striking to a Victorian reader, as it suggests a departure from rational, scientific thinking – a highly valued trait in that era.

Quote: "If he be Mr. Hyde $...$ I shall be Mr. Seek."

This clever wordplay by Utterson encapsulates the novel's central mystery and his determination to uncover the truth, foreshadowing the investigative nature of the plot.