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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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English Language
2 Dec 2025
580
3 pages
sophie @sophiefreyaa
Ever wondered why some people seem to have more influence through their words than others? Language and power... Show more
Think about the last time someone told you what to do - the type of power they had over you probably fit into one of Fairclough's three categories. Situational power exists only in specific moments, regardless of someone's background or status. Even King Charles can lose his authority when getting egged by protesters!
Institutional power comes from your role or job within an organisation. Teachers have this over students, managers over employees, and doctors over patients. It's all about the hierarchy you're part of.
Societal power is the broadest type - it comes from which social groups you belong to. Your age, gender, ethnicity, class, wealth, or education all contribute to this kind of influence. Celebrities wield societal power simply because of their fame and status.
Key Insight Power isn't just about being "in charge" - it shifts depending on context, role, and social position.
These psychologists identified six distinct ways people gain power over others, and you'll recognise all of them from daily life. Legitimate power comes from being officially appointed to a role - think business managers or elected officials.
Reward power means you can give people things they want (teachers awarding house points), whilst coercive power is the ability to punish (your boss could fire you). Referent power happens when people look up to you and value your opinions - the most likeable person in your friend group probably has this.
Expert power comes from specialist knowledge (professors, engineers), and informational power is about having access to important information that others need. Notice how these different power types often overlap in real relationships.
Quick Check Think about your teachers - which types of power do they use most often in lessons?
Grice's Maxims explain how we're supposed to communicate cooperatively. The four rules are quality (be truthful), quantity (give the right amount of information), relevance (stay on topic), and manner (be clear and polite). Politicians often break these rules deliberately!
When someone violates a maxim secretly (like lying), they're being deceptive. Flouting means breaking them obviously - like giving really short answers when you're annoyed. This creates implicature, where your real meaning comes through despite breaking the rules.
Face theory is about how we want others to see us. Positive face is your desire to be liked and accepted, whilst negative face is wanting freedom from others' demands. We use positive politeness (compliments, friendly terms) and negative politeness (apologetic language) to protect people's face.
Face-threatening acts happen when someone's desired image gets challenged through speech or actions - think about how embarrassing it feels when someone calls you out in front of others.
Real World Application Understanding these concepts helps you navigate tricky conversations and recognise when people are using language strategically.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
9
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the intricate relationship between language and power in advertising through Fairclough's framework. This summary delves into key concepts such as ideology, persuasive techniques, and the functions of advertising across various sectors. Ideal for A-Level English Language students seeking to understand media language and rhetorical analysis.
English LanguageExplore in-depth comparisons of Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' with key Gothic texts such as 'Frankenstein', 'The Bloody Chamber', and 'Wuthering Heights'. This analysis highlights themes of ambition, naivety, gender roles, and the supernatural, providing insights into character dynamics and narrative techniques. Ideal for students studying Victorian literature and Gothic fiction.
English LanguageExplore the contrasting use of Gothic elements in Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' and Angela Carter's 'The Bloody Chamber'. This analysis delves into how both authors create suspense and terror through their settings, character perspectives, and themes of female empowerment versus suppression. Ideal for students studying Gothic literature and its societal implications.
English LanguageExplore the concept of discourse communities in professional settings, focusing on shared goals, communication styles, and the impact of language on power dynamics. This summary covers key theories by John Swales and Drews & Heritage, highlighting the implications of language use in workplace hierarchies and social media. Ideal for A-Level English Language students seeking to understand language analysis and its relevance in professional roles.
English LanguageExplore how occupation influences language through jargon, acronyms, and neologisms. This summary covers key concepts such as discourse communities, professional lexis, and the impact of specialized terminology on communication. Ideal for A Level English Language students studying the intersection of language and occupation.
English LanguageExplore the poem 'Litany' through a detailed analysis of its themes, language techniques, and cultural context. This study note includes quote breakdowns, key messages about gender roles and materialism in the 1960s, and comparisons with other works. Ideal for students studying literature and gender studies.
English LanguageApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
sophie
@sophiefreyaa
Ever wondered why some people seem to have more influence through their words than others? Language and power are deeply connected, and understanding this relationship helps explain everything from why teachers can control a classroom to how politicians dodge difficult... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think about the last time someone told you what to do - the type of power they had over you probably fit into one of Fairclough's three categories. Situational power exists only in specific moments, regardless of someone's background or status. Even King Charles can lose his authority when getting egged by protesters!
Institutional power comes from your role or job within an organisation. Teachers have this over students, managers over employees, and doctors over patients. It's all about the hierarchy you're part of.
Societal power is the broadest type - it comes from which social groups you belong to. Your age, gender, ethnicity, class, wealth, or education all contribute to this kind of influence. Celebrities wield societal power simply because of their fame and status.
Key Insight: Power isn't just about being "in charge" - it shifts depending on context, role, and social position.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
These psychologists identified six distinct ways people gain power over others, and you'll recognise all of them from daily life. Legitimate power comes from being officially appointed to a role - think business managers or elected officials.
Reward power means you can give people things they want (teachers awarding house points), whilst coercive power is the ability to punish (your boss could fire you). Referent power happens when people look up to you and value your opinions - the most likeable person in your friend group probably has this.
Expert power comes from specialist knowledge (professors, engineers), and informational power is about having access to important information that others need. Notice how these different power types often overlap in real relationships.
Quick Check: Think about your teachers - which types of power do they use most often in lessons?
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Grice's Maxims explain how we're supposed to communicate cooperatively. The four rules are quality (be truthful), quantity (give the right amount of information), relevance (stay on topic), and manner (be clear and polite). Politicians often break these rules deliberately!
When someone violates a maxim secretly (like lying), they're being deceptive. Flouting means breaking them obviously - like giving really short answers when you're annoyed. This creates implicature, where your real meaning comes through despite breaking the rules.
Face theory is about how we want others to see us. Positive face is your desire to be liked and accepted, whilst negative face is wanting freedom from others' demands. We use positive politeness (compliments, friendly terms) and negative politeness (apologetic language) to protect people's face.
Face-threatening acts happen when someone's desired image gets challenged through speech or actions - think about how embarrassing it feels when someone calls you out in front of others.
Real World Application: Understanding these concepts helps you navigate tricky conversations and recognise when people are using language strategically.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
9
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the intricate relationship between language and power in advertising through Fairclough's framework. This summary delves into key concepts such as ideology, persuasive techniques, and the functions of advertising across various sectors. Ideal for A-Level English Language students seeking to understand media language and rhetorical analysis.
English LanguageExplore in-depth comparisons of Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' with key Gothic texts such as 'Frankenstein', 'The Bloody Chamber', and 'Wuthering Heights'. This analysis highlights themes of ambition, naivety, gender roles, and the supernatural, providing insights into character dynamics and narrative techniques. Ideal for students studying Victorian literature and Gothic fiction.
English LanguageExplore the contrasting use of Gothic elements in Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' and Angela Carter's 'The Bloody Chamber'. This analysis delves into how both authors create suspense and terror through their settings, character perspectives, and themes of female empowerment versus suppression. Ideal for students studying Gothic literature and its societal implications.
English LanguageExplore the concept of discourse communities in professional settings, focusing on shared goals, communication styles, and the impact of language on power dynamics. This summary covers key theories by John Swales and Drews & Heritage, highlighting the implications of language use in workplace hierarchies and social media. Ideal for A-Level English Language students seeking to understand language analysis and its relevance in professional roles.
English LanguageExplore how occupation influences language through jargon, acronyms, and neologisms. This summary covers key concepts such as discourse communities, professional lexis, and the impact of specialized terminology on communication. Ideal for A Level English Language students studying the intersection of language and occupation.
English LanguageExplore the poem 'Litany' through a detailed analysis of its themes, language techniques, and cultural context. This study note includes quote breakdowns, key messages about gender roles and materialism in the 1960s, and comparisons with other works. Ideal for students studying literature and gender studies.
English LanguageApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology