Labelling theory, as developed by sociologists like Howard Becker, focuses on how society's reaction to deviant behavior can influence an individual's identity and future actions. This theory is part of the broader interactionist perspective in sociology.

Key aspects of labelling theory in criminology:

1. Universal deviance: The theory posits that most people commit deviant or criminal acts, but only some are caught and labelled for it.

2. Selective enforcement: It highlights that individuals from certain backgrounds may be more likely to be labelled as criminals.

3. Focus on societal reaction: Rather than examining the causes of initial deviant acts, labelling theory concentrates on how society defines and reacts to crime and deviance.

4. Self-perception and behavior: Becker was particularly interested in how others' perceptions and our self-perception can influence behavior.

Example: An individual might be labelled as a criminal due to committing a crime, coming from a family with a criminal history, or being judged based on appearance or certain features.

Highlight: The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy and criminal behavior is crucial in labelling theory. If a negative label sticks, society may treat the individual differently, and the person may come to believe and act according to this label.

Vocabulary: Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a prediction that causes itself to become true due to the behavior it inspires in the believer.

Interactionism is a micro-level sociological theory that examines how individuals interpret the world around them and interact with others. In criminology, this perspective is applied through labelling theory, which explores how societal reactions to deviant behavior can influence an individual's identity and future actions.

Key points:

• Interactionism focuses on social interactions and meaning-making
• Labelling theory suggests that being labelled as deviant can lead to further deviant behavior
• The theory emphasizes the role of societal reactions in shaping criminal identities
• It challenges traditional views on the causes of crime by focusing on the process of labelling

Definition: Labelling theory criminology Becker is an approach that examines how the labels applied to individuals by society can influence their behavior and self-perception, potentially leading to continued deviant actions.

Highlight: The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy and criminal behavior is central to labelling theory, suggesting that individuals may internalize and act according to the labels society places on them.