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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
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2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Criminology
16 Oct 2025
2,315
3 pages
Emily Finch @emilyfinch111
The cultural consequences of unreported crime are far-reaching, affecting society in various ways. This summary explores the ripple... Show more
Police prioritization plays a crucial role in the reporting and handling of crimes. Law enforcement agencies often focus on more serious offenses, such as murder and gun crime, which can lead to a perception that minor crimes are not worth reporting.
Highlight When criminals commit less serious crimes without facing consequences, they may be emboldened to escalate their criminal behavior.
This prioritization can create a cycle where
Unrecorded crimes, also known as the "dark figure" in criminology, represent the unknown number of offenses that go unreported. This phenomenon has several implications
Vocabulary The "dark figure" in criminology refers to the number of crimes that remain unreported or undiscovered.
Cultural change can occur when crime reporting patterns shift. If one person decides not to report a crime, it can influence others to do the same, potentially leading to a culture of non-reporting.
Example The broken window theory suggests that visible signs of crime and disorder create an environment that encourages further crime and disorder.
This theory applies to criminal behavior as well. When minor offenses go unpunished, it can lead to an escalation in criminal activity, as offenders grow more confident in their ability to avoid consequences.
Legal changes can sometimes result from shifts in crime reporting patterns. Some behaviors that were once criminalized may become accepted as human rights, leading to decriminalization.
Example Homosexuality was decriminalized in the UK in 1967, and same-sex marriage was legalized in 2014, reflecting changing societal attitudes and decreased reporting of these acts as crimes.
These legal changes can be seen as positive consequences of certain behaviors going unreported, as they reflect evolving social norms and values.
Procedural changes have also emerged in response to underreporting of crimes. Law enforcement agencies have increased the number of ways people can report crimes to encourage more reporting.
Highlight In the UK, multiple channels for reporting crimes now exist, including emergency services, crime stoppers, non-emergency numbers, victim support, and dedicated apps.
These procedural changes have several benefits
Example The Stop Hate UK app is an example of unrecorded crime reporting tool that allows people to easily report hate crimes and incidents.
These changes represent a positive outcome of the challenges posed by unreported crimes, as they make it easier for individuals to report offenses and potentially increase the likelihood of crimes being addressed by law enforcement.
The concept of the ripple effect in criminology explains how crimes impact not only the immediate offender but also the wider population. This effect describes the way criminal behavior influences friends, family, and society at large.
Example In cases of domestic abuse, male abusers may have experienced or witnessed abuse as children, leading to normalization and underreporting of such behavior.
Cultural consequences of unreported crime can be significant, especially when it comes to culturally bound crimes. These offenses often go unreported due to a lack of understanding or awareness from those outside the culture.
Highlight Culturally bound crimes, such as honor crimes and forced marriages, may go unreported due to cultural barriers and lack of awareness.
The consequences of these unreported crimes include
Example The case of Banaz illustrates how lack of cultural awareness among law enforcement can lead to tragic consequences when culturally bound crimes are not properly addressed.
Decriminalization is another important aspect to consider when discussing unreported crimes. This process occurs when previously illegal activities become legal, often due to changing societal norms.
Definition Decriminalization refers to the process of removing criminal penalties from certain acts, typically as a result of shifting social attitudes.
Examples of decriminalized activities include certain drug offenses, vagrancy, and prostitution in some jurisdictions. This shift often occurs when society no longer views these acts as deviant or worthy of criminal punishment.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
36
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the evaluation of crime statistics collection methods, focusing on the reliability and validity of police records and victim surveys. This summary covers key concepts such as media representations, unreported crime, and the impact of modern campaigns on public perception. Ideal for criminology assessments and understanding crime prevention strategies.
CriminologyExplore the impact of significant campaigns for change in the UK, including Sarah's Law, Clare's Law, the Anti-Fox Hunting campaign, and No Knives Better Lives. This summary highlights the objectives, successes, and societal implications of each campaign, providing insights into how grassroots movements can lead to legislative change. Ideal for students studying social movements and public policy.
CriminologyExplore the biological theories of criminality, including somatotypes, genetic inheritance, and twin studies. This summary covers key concepts such as Sheldon's somatotypes, Lombroso's atavistic features, and the impact of genetics on criminal behavior. Ideal for students studying criminology and psychology.
CriminologyExplore the impactful campaigns of Helen's Law and Sarah's Law, focusing on their backgrounds, purposes, and successes. This summary provides essential insights for understanding rights in criminal investigations and the balance between individual freedom and public safety. Ideal for controlled assessments and comparative analysis.
CriminologySave this midyear study guide for help on any exam! Good for studying, notes, answers to your homework etc
Fun StuffExplore the complex definitions of crime and deviance in society. This summary covers key concepts such as norms, values, and moral codes, alongside formal and informal sanctions. Ideal for students preparing for exams, this resource provides insights into the differences between criminal behavior and deviant acts, including examples and legal definitions. Enhance your understanding of sociological theories related to crime and deviance.
CriminologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Criminology
16 Oct 2025
2,315
3 pages
Emily Finch @emilyfinch111
The cultural consequences of unreported crime are far-reaching, affecting society in various ways. This summary explores the ripple effect, cultural impacts, decriminalization, and police prioritization related to unreported crimes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Police prioritization plays a crucial role in the reporting and handling of crimes. Law enforcement agencies often focus on more serious offenses, such as murder and gun crime, which can lead to a perception that minor crimes are not worth reporting.
Highlight When criminals commit less serious crimes without facing consequences, they may be emboldened to escalate their criminal behavior.
This prioritization can create a cycle where
Unrecorded crimes, also known as the "dark figure" in criminology, represent the unknown number of offenses that go unreported. This phenomenon has several implications
Vocabulary The "dark figure" in criminology refers to the number of crimes that remain unreported or undiscovered.
Cultural change can occur when crime reporting patterns shift. If one person decides not to report a crime, it can influence others to do the same, potentially leading to a culture of non-reporting.
Example The broken window theory suggests that visible signs of crime and disorder create an environment that encourages further crime and disorder.
This theory applies to criminal behavior as well. When minor offenses go unpunished, it can lead to an escalation in criminal activity, as offenders grow more confident in their ability to avoid consequences.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Legal changes can sometimes result from shifts in crime reporting patterns. Some behaviors that were once criminalized may become accepted as human rights, leading to decriminalization.
Example Homosexuality was decriminalized in the UK in 1967, and same-sex marriage was legalized in 2014, reflecting changing societal attitudes and decreased reporting of these acts as crimes.
These legal changes can be seen as positive consequences of certain behaviors going unreported, as they reflect evolving social norms and values.
Procedural changes have also emerged in response to underreporting of crimes. Law enforcement agencies have increased the number of ways people can report crimes to encourage more reporting.
Highlight In the UK, multiple channels for reporting crimes now exist, including emergency services, crime stoppers, non-emergency numbers, victim support, and dedicated apps.
These procedural changes have several benefits
Example The Stop Hate UK app is an example of unrecorded crime reporting tool that allows people to easily report hate crimes and incidents.
These changes represent a positive outcome of the challenges posed by unreported crimes, as they make it easier for individuals to report offenses and potentially increase the likelihood of crimes being addressed by law enforcement.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The concept of the ripple effect in criminology explains how crimes impact not only the immediate offender but also the wider population. This effect describes the way criminal behavior influences friends, family, and society at large.
Example In cases of domestic abuse, male abusers may have experienced or witnessed abuse as children, leading to normalization and underreporting of such behavior.
Cultural consequences of unreported crime can be significant, especially when it comes to culturally bound crimes. These offenses often go unreported due to a lack of understanding or awareness from those outside the culture.
Highlight Culturally bound crimes, such as honor crimes and forced marriages, may go unreported due to cultural barriers and lack of awareness.
The consequences of these unreported crimes include
Example The case of Banaz illustrates how lack of cultural awareness among law enforcement can lead to tragic consequences when culturally bound crimes are not properly addressed.
Decriminalization is another important aspect to consider when discussing unreported crimes. This process occurs when previously illegal activities become legal, often due to changing societal norms.
Definition Decriminalization refers to the process of removing criminal penalties from certain acts, typically as a result of shifting social attitudes.
Examples of decriminalized activities include certain drug offenses, vagrancy, and prostitution in some jurisdictions. This shift often occurs when society no longer views these acts as deviant or worthy of criminal punishment.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
36
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the evaluation of crime statistics collection methods, focusing on the reliability and validity of police records and victim surveys. This summary covers key concepts such as media representations, unreported crime, and the impact of modern campaigns on public perception. Ideal for criminology assessments and understanding crime prevention strategies.
CriminologyExplore the impact of significant campaigns for change in the UK, including Sarah's Law, Clare's Law, the Anti-Fox Hunting campaign, and No Knives Better Lives. This summary highlights the objectives, successes, and societal implications of each campaign, providing insights into how grassroots movements can lead to legislative change. Ideal for students studying social movements and public policy.
CriminologyExplore the biological theories of criminality, including somatotypes, genetic inheritance, and twin studies. This summary covers key concepts such as Sheldon's somatotypes, Lombroso's atavistic features, and the impact of genetics on criminal behavior. Ideal for students studying criminology and psychology.
CriminologyExplore the impactful campaigns of Helen's Law and Sarah's Law, focusing on their backgrounds, purposes, and successes. This summary provides essential insights for understanding rights in criminal investigations and the balance between individual freedom and public safety. Ideal for controlled assessments and comparative analysis.
CriminologySave this midyear study guide for help on any exam! Good for studying, notes, answers to your homework etc
Fun StuffExplore the complex definitions of crime and deviance in society. This summary covers key concepts such as norms, values, and moral codes, alongside formal and informal sanctions. Ideal for students preparing for exams, this resource provides insights into the differences between criminal behavior and deviant acts, including examples and legal definitions. Enhance your understanding of sociological theories related to crime and deviance.
CriminologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
