The law-making process in the UK follows a structured path known as the Parliamentary stages of a bill. This process ensures thorough scrutiny and debate of proposed legislation before it becomes law.

A bill can originate in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords and must be approved in identical form by both Houses before it can receive Royal Assent and become an Act of Parliament $law$. The 7 steps of law-making in the UK are:

1. First Reading
2. Second Reading
3. Committee Stage
4. Report Stage
5. Third Reading
6. Consideration by the other House $Lords or Commons$
7. Royal Assent

Highlight: If the two Houses disagree on the content of a bill, it may go back and forth between them until a consensus is reached. This process is known as "ping pong."

Example: The Committee stage of a Bill involves detailed examination of the proposed legislation by a smaller group of MPs or Lords, who may suggest amendments.

In addition to the parliamentary process, judges also play a role in shaping the law through two main processes:

1. Judicial Precedent
2. Statutory Interpretation

Judicial Precedent, also known as common law, is based on the principle of following decisions made in previous similar cases. This system promotes certainty, consistency, and fairness in the legal system.

Definition: Binding precedent occurs when a decision made by a higher court automatically becomes binding for all lower courts in similar future cases.

There are exceptions to judicial precedent, including:

• Distinguished cases: When a judge finds the facts of a current case sufficiently different from a previous case to justify a different decision.
• Overruling: When a higher court determines that a legal decision in a previous case was incorrect and overturns it.

The case of R v R $1992$ is a landmark example of how judicial decisions can change the law and societal norms. This case challenged the long-standing notion that a husband could not be guilty of raping his wife.

Key details of the case:

• The complainant was the defendant's wife
• The couple had separated in October 1989 but were still legally married
• In November 1989, the husband broke into his wife's mother's house and attempted to have sexual intercourse without her consent

Quote: "The court upheld his convictions for attempted rape. There was no marital rape exception under English law, and this was a common law fiction that existed. The concept of irrevocable consent of a wife to her husband was classed as an unacceptable concept."

This case effectively abolished the marital rape exemption in England and Wales, marking a significant change in the law's approach to sexual offenses within marriage.

Statutory interpretation is another way judges can influence the law. This process involves interpreting the meaning of words in statutes $Acts of Parliament$ and applying them to specific cases.

Judges use three main interpretation rules:

1. The Literal Rule: Judges should use the everyday meaning of words in the statute.

Example: In R v Maginnis $1987$, a case involving illegal drugs, different judges had varying interpretations of the word 'supply'.

2. The Golden Rule: This allows the court to modify the literal meaning of a word if it creates an absurd result.
3. The Mischief Rule: $Not explicitly mentioned in the transcript, but commonly included as the third main rule of statutory interpretation$

These rules help judges navigate the complexities of applying written law to real-world situations, ensuring that the law remains relevant and just.

Highlight: Statutory interpretation plays a crucial role in adapting and applying laws to contemporary contexts, allowing the legal system to evolve without constant legislative changes.

Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes:

Definition: Statutory interpretation involves judges determining the meaning of written laws and applying them to cases.

The interpretation rules include:

• The Literal Rule: Using everyday word meanings
• The Golden Rule: Modifying literal meanings to avoid absurd results
• Purposive Approach: Considering Parliament's intended purpose

Highlight: Different interpretations can arise from the same statutory language, as demonstrated in R v Maginnis $1987$ regarding the word 'supply'.

Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes: the Literal Rule, the Golden Rule, and the Mischief Rule. These interpretation methods help apply written laws to specific cases.

Definition: The Literal Rule requires judges to use the everyday meaning of words in statutes.

Example: In R v Maginnis $1987$, judges had different interpretations of the word 'supply' in a drug-related case.

The UK Parliament is the cornerstone of the British legislative system, comprising three key components: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarchy. Each plays a distinct role in how laws are made in the UK.

The House of Commons is arguably the most influential part of Parliament, consisting of 650 elected Members of Parliament $MPs$ representing constituencies across the country. These MPs are chosen during general elections, making the Commons the primary representative body of the people.

Highlight: The government is formed by the political party with the majority of MPs in the Commons, with the Prime Minister leading this party.

The House of Lords, on the other hand, serves as a crucial check and balance in the legislative process. It is composed of approximately 800 peers, including:

• 92 hereditary peers
• 26 Church of England bishops and archbishops
• Life peers $the majority$

Definition: Life peers are individuals appointed to the House of Lords for their lifetime, but the position is not inherited by their descendants.

The main function of the Lords is to scrutinize and debate bills that have been approved by the House of Commons, ensuring thorough examination of proposed laws.

The Monarch's role in the legislative process is largely ceremonial, primarily providing Royal Assent to bills that have passed through both Houses of Parliament.

Vocabulary: Royal Assent is the formal approval given by the Monarch to a bill, transforming it into an Act of Parliament and thus into law.

The UK government, formed by the majority party in the Commons, is the primary source of new legislative proposals. These proposals, known as bills, must navigate a complex process before becoming law.

Example: Before a bill is formally introduced, the government may publish a Green Paper $a consultation document for policy proposals$ or a White Paper $a more detailed policy document that may include a draft version of the bill$.