- particles would move faster + collide more with the walls and when they do with a greater force                                                                                                                                                         - pressure increases

what would happen if you increased the temperature of a gas in a container 

- particles would move slower so less collide + when they do with less force.                                   - net force decreases so pressure decreases 

what would happen if we decreased the temperature of a gas in a container 

- the internal energy must increase                                                                                                         - kinetic energy of the particles increase so temperature increases                                                   - if energy is transferred to a gas by force, work is done upon it

what happens if energy is transferred to a gas

to use a bicycle pump: this causes the temperature of the gas to rise

the particles ate closer together in the solid state

why are solid states of a substance more dense that the liquid state

- particles are in a smaller space so more collisions occur per second                                               - net force increases + area is smaller so pressure increases 

what would happen if the volume of the container a gas was in was decreased 

- the gas particles will hit the surface less often                                                                                 - the net force will be less + the area is greater so the pressure decreases 

what would happen if the volume of the container a gas was in was increased 

- its temperature will rise with relatively small amounts of energy                                                                 - e.g. cooking pans are usually made with a low specific heat capacity so they heat to cooking temperature more quickly 

what does it mean if a substance has a low specific heat capacity 

- it can store lots of energy with only a small rise in temp                                                              -e.g. water has a high specific heat capacity which is why its used to cool machines in factories 

what does it mean if a substance has a high specific heat capacity 

specific latent heat = energy (J) / mass (kg)

how do you calculate the specific latent heat of a substance 

the energy required to change 1kg of the substance from a liquid at its boiling point to a gas at the same temperature

what’s the specific latent heat of vapouristation of a substance 

the energy it takes to change 1kg of the substance from a solid at its melting point to a liquid at the same temperature 

what’s the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance 

amount of energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature 

the amount of energy neeed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius 

change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change 

thermal energy for a change in state = mass x specific latent heat

equation for thermal energy for a change in state 

density (kg/m*3) = mass (kg) / volume (m*3)

density of a substance is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance 

what is the process of a solid to a liquid 

what is the process of a liquid to a gas 

what is the process of a gas to a liquid 

what is the process of a liquid to a solid 

what kind of change are changes of state 

mass is conserved as the number of particles remains the same

what happens when a physical change occurs 

- it increases                                                                                                                                            - this must mean either its kinetic energy increased (and it increases in temperature) or its potential energy increases (and it melts or vapourises)

what happens to a substances internal energy when its heated 

internal energy = kinetic energy + potential energy                                                                            - average kinetic energy = temperature                                                                                                 - potential energy for a solid: lowest potential energy                                                                           - potential energy for a gas/liquid: highest potential energy 

energy stored by particles that make up the system 

- below the boiling point at the surface of a liquid                                                                                  - particles that leave the liquid are the ones with the most energy                                                      - particles which remain have lower average kinetic energy so average temp of liquid drops                                                - this is why evaporation has a cooling affect

boiling only happens at the boiling point of a liquid + occurs throughout the liquid 

- tightly pact in a regular array                                                                                                                - strong bonds 

- particles touch but aren’t in a regular array                                                                                        - weaker bonds 

- particles are touching                                                                                                                             - very weak bonds 

move relative to one another (why liquids can flow)

move in random dire actions at a range of speeds

- holds it own shape                                                                                                                                - cant be compressed 

- fills base of container                                                                                                                             - cant be compressed 

- filled its container                                                                                                                                 - can be compressed 

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