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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Chemistry
29 Nov 2025
391
1 page
Poppy @poppy.21.11
The periodic table is like a massive filing system for all the elements in the universe, and understanding... Show more
Ever wondered why some elements explode in water whilst others just sit there doing nothing? The periodic table arranges all 118 elements in a clever pattern that reveals their secrets.
Metals are the show-offs of the element world - they're shiny, have high melting and boiling points, and conduct electricity brilliantly. They're also malleable, meaning you can hammer them into different shapes without them breaking. Think of copper wires or gold jewellery.
Non-metals are basically the opposite - they're dull, brittle (they snap easily), and terrible at conducting heat or electricity. Most have low melting and boiling points too. The electronic structure (how electrons are arranged) follows the pattern 2-8-8, and here's a neat trick the group number tells you exactly how many electrons are in the outer shell.
Quick Tip Remember that atomic number = total number of electrons in a neutral atom!
The Group 1 alkali metals are absolutely mental when it comes to reactions. These soft metals have low melting points and densities, but they go completely bonkers when they meet water. Lithium just fizzes steadily, sodium fizzes rapidly, but potassium literally burns violently - proper fireworks!
Group 7 halogens are non-metal elements that get less reactive as you go down the group. At room temperature, chlorine is a green gas, bromine is a brown liquid, and iodine is a blue-black solid. As the molecules get larger going down the group, the boiling points increase.
Noble gases are the ultimate loners - they exist as single atoms and are highly unreactive because they have full outer shells. Their boiling points increase down the group as atoms get larger and intermolecular forces strengthen.
Key Fact Mendeleev published his periodic table in 1869, ordering elements by atomic weight and even predicting undiscovered elements!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key characteristics of metallic bonding, including high melting points, electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. This summary covers the structure of metals, the role of delocalized electrons, and how these properties arise from the lattice arrangement of metal atoms. Ideal for GCSE Chemistry students seeking to understand the fundamentals of metallic solids.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of metallic bonding, including the structure of metals, the role of delocalized electrons, and the properties of alloys. This summary covers key concepts such as metallic bonds, metal properties, and the significance of electron delocalization in conductivity and melting points.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of metallic, ionic, and covalent bonding, including their properties and structures. This summary covers key concepts such as electron transfer, delocalised electrons, and the characteristics of small and giant molecules. Ideal for students preparing for exams in chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the key differences between metals and non-metals in this GCSE Chemistry summary. Understand properties such as conductivity, malleability, and reactivity, along with the behavior of metal and non-metal atoms in terms of electron transfer and ion formation. Ideal for exam preparation and quick revision.
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of the Periodic Table, including the properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity trends in alkali metals and halogens, and the significance of atomic structure. This summary is tailored for Year 10 Chemistry students, providing a clear understanding of periodic trends and electronic configurations.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of chemical bonding with this concise overview. Key topics include Ionic, Metallic, and Covalent bonding, along with their properties such as melting and boiling points, malleability, solubility, and conductivity. Ideal for GCSE students seeking to understand the core concepts of bonding and structure in chemistry.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Poppy
@poppy.21.11
The periodic table is like a massive filing system for all the elements in the universe, and understanding it is absolutely crucial for your chemistry studies. It organises elements by their properties and helps predict how they'll behave in reactions.
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Ever wondered why some elements explode in water whilst others just sit there doing nothing? The periodic table arranges all 118 elements in a clever pattern that reveals their secrets.
Metals are the show-offs of the element world - they're shiny, have high melting and boiling points, and conduct electricity brilliantly. They're also malleable, meaning you can hammer them into different shapes without them breaking. Think of copper wires or gold jewellery.
Non-metals are basically the opposite - they're dull, brittle (they snap easily), and terrible at conducting heat or electricity. Most have low melting and boiling points too. The electronic structure (how electrons are arranged) follows the pattern 2-8-8, and here's a neat trick: the group number tells you exactly how many electrons are in the outer shell.
Quick Tip: Remember that atomic number = total number of electrons in a neutral atom!
The Group 1 alkali metals are absolutely mental when it comes to reactions. These soft metals have low melting points and densities, but they go completely bonkers when they meet water. Lithium just fizzes steadily, sodium fizzes rapidly, but potassium literally burns violently - proper fireworks!
Group 7 halogens are non-metal elements that get less reactive as you go down the group. At room temperature, chlorine is a green gas, bromine is a brown liquid, and iodine is a blue-black solid. As the molecules get larger going down the group, the boiling points increase.
Noble gases are the ultimate loners - they exist as single atoms and are highly unreactive because they have full outer shells. Their boiling points increase down the group as atoms get larger and intermolecular forces strengthen.
Key Fact: Mendeleev published his periodic table in 1869, ordering elements by atomic weight and even predicting undiscovered elements!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
8
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key characteristics of metallic bonding, including high melting points, electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. This summary covers the structure of metals, the role of delocalized electrons, and how these properties arise from the lattice arrangement of metal atoms. Ideal for GCSE Chemistry students seeking to understand the fundamentals of metallic solids.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of metallic bonding, including the structure of metals, the role of delocalized electrons, and the properties of alloys. This summary covers key concepts such as metallic bonds, metal properties, and the significance of electron delocalization in conductivity and melting points.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of metallic, ionic, and covalent bonding, including their properties and structures. This summary covers key concepts such as electron transfer, delocalised electrons, and the characteristics of small and giant molecules. Ideal for students preparing for exams in chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the key differences between metals and non-metals in this GCSE Chemistry summary. Understand properties such as conductivity, malleability, and reactivity, along with the behavior of metal and non-metal atoms in terms of electron transfer and ion formation. Ideal for exam preparation and quick revision.
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of the Periodic Table, including the properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity trends in alkali metals and halogens, and the significance of atomic structure. This summary is tailored for Year 10 Chemistry students, providing a clear understanding of periodic trends and electronic configurations.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of chemical bonding with this concise overview. Key topics include Ionic, Metallic, and Covalent bonding, along with their properties such as melting and boiling points, malleability, solubility, and conductivity. Ideal for GCSE students seeking to understand the core concepts of bonding and structure in chemistry.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology