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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
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Chemistry
29 Nov 2025
419
8 pages
lena ๐ซถ๐ผ @_studywithlena
A comprehensive guide to essential chemistry concepts covering reaction rates, atomic structure, periodic table, bonding, and calculations.
This section focuses on chemical reaction rates and factors that influence them. Students will learn about factors increasing rate of chemical reaction study notes and chemical reaction speed calculation methods.
Definition The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products.
Key points covered
Example A practical example is provided using the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and egg shells, demonstrating how to collect and measure gas production.
Highlight The section includes a graph showing the volume of hydrogen produced in the reaction of magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid, illustrating how different factors affect reaction rates.
This section delves into the fundamental structure of atoms, providing a detailed exploration of subatomic particles and their properties.
Vocabulary Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) within an atom.
Key concepts covered
Example The section includes a table for students to complete, detailing the mass, charge, and location of protons, electrons, and neutrons within an atom.
Highlight Students learn how to calculate the mass number of an element and determine the number of neutrons, essential skills for understanding atomic structure.
This section provides a comprehensive overview of the periodic table, focusing on the properties and behaviors of different element groups.
Definition The periodic table is a systematic arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
Key topics covered
Example The section includes a detailed periodic table for students to label, highlighting the distinction between metals and non-metals.
Vocabulary
- Element A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom
- Atom The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
- Ion An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons
Highlight The section explains why elements in the same group have similar chemical properties, providing a deeper understanding of periodic table organization.
This section examines the properties and trends of elements in Groups 1, 7, and 0/8 of the periodic table.
Highlight Group 1 elements (alkali metals) become more reactive down the group. Definition Chemical properties of elements in the same group are similar due to their electron configurations.
This page covers covalent and ionic bonding, molecular shapes, and electron configurations.
Definition Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms. Example HCl molecule showing electron sharing between hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Vocabulary Monatomic refers to elements existing as single atoms.
This section explains various methods for writing chemical formulas, including swap and drop method, prefix method, and ionic formulas.
Example Magnesium hydride formula demonstration using the swap and drop method. Definition Roman numeral notation indicates the oxidation state of transition metals.
This page focuses on chemical calculations including molar mass, concentration, and stoichiometry.
Example Calculation of gram formula mass for COโ and KโSOโ. Definition Mole is the unit used to express the amount of a substance. Highlight Triangular calculation methods help organize chemical equations.
This comprehensive guide covers essential chemistry topics for students, including reaction rates, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It provides detailed explanations, examples, and visual aids to enhance understanding of fundamental chemistry principles.
Key topics covered
Highlight This guide offers in-depth explanations and practical examples to help students master important chemistry concepts.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
12
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Explore the process of preparing a volumetric solution and conducting an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide. This practical guide covers essential laboratory techniques, chemical calculations, and safety precautions, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of titration methods. Ideal for chemistry students seeking to master titration skills and laboratory practices.
Chemistrygrade 7+ gcse combined science notes
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in chemical analysis, including stoichiometric calculations, gravimetric analysis, and the use of various chemical apparatus such as conical flasks and digital balances. This summary provides insights into acid-base titrations and methods for improving percentage yield in reactions.
ChemistryExplore essential concepts in A Level Chemistry, including mole calculations, Avogadro's constant, atomic structure, and empirical formulas. This resource provides clear explanations and key formulas to enhance your understanding of chemical principles. Ideal for exam preparation and mastering foundational topics in chemistry.
ChemistryComprehensive summary of Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure for National 5 Chemistry. This resource covers key concepts such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, reaction kinetics, acid-base reactions, and stoichiometry. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
ChemistryExplore essential mole calculations and stoichiometry concepts for A-Level Chemistry. This study resource covers the amount of substance, back titration methods, and detailed examples to enhance your understanding of chemical calculations. Perfect for exam preparation and mastering key concepts.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
lena ๐ซถ๐ผ
@_studywithlena
A comprehensive guide to essential chemistry concepts covering reaction rates, atomic structure, periodic table, bonding, and calculations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section focuses on chemical reaction rates and factors that influence them. Students will learn about factors increasing rate of chemical reaction study notes and chemical reaction speed calculation methods.
Definition: The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products.
Key points covered:
Example: A practical example is provided using the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and egg shells, demonstrating how to collect and measure gas production.
Highlight: The section includes a graph showing the volume of hydrogen produced in the reaction of magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid, illustrating how different factors affect reaction rates.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section delves into the fundamental structure of atoms, providing a detailed exploration of subatomic particles and their properties.
Vocabulary: Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) within an atom.
Key concepts covered:
Example: The section includes a table for students to complete, detailing the mass, charge, and location of protons, electrons, and neutrons within an atom.
Highlight: Students learn how to calculate the mass number of an element and determine the number of neutrons, essential skills for understanding atomic structure.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section provides a comprehensive overview of the periodic table, focusing on the properties and behaviors of different element groups.
Definition: The periodic table is a systematic arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
Key topics covered:
Example: The section includes a detailed periodic table for students to label, highlighting the distinction between metals and non-metals.
Vocabulary:
- Element: A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom
- Atom: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
- Ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons
Highlight: The section explains why elements in the same group have similar chemical properties, providing a deeper understanding of periodic table organization.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section examines the properties and trends of elements in Groups 1, 7, and 0/8 of the periodic table.
Highlight: Group 1 elements (alkali metals) become more reactive down the group. Definition: Chemical properties of elements in the same group are similar due to their electron configurations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page covers covalent and ionic bonding, molecular shapes, and electron configurations.
Definition: Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms. Example: HCl molecule showing electron sharing between hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Vocabulary: Monatomic refers to elements existing as single atoms.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explains various methods for writing chemical formulas, including swap and drop method, prefix method, and ionic formulas.
Example: Magnesium hydride formula demonstration using the swap and drop method. Definition: Roman numeral notation indicates the oxidation state of transition metals.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on chemical calculations including molar mass, concentration, and stoichiometry.
Example: Calculation of gram formula mass for COโ and KโSOโ. Definition: Mole is the unit used to express the amount of a substance. Highlight: Triangular calculation methods help organize chemical equations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This comprehensive guide covers essential chemistry topics for students, including reaction rates, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It provides detailed explanations, examples, and visual aids to enhance understanding of fundamental chemistry principles.
Key topics covered:
Highlight: This guide offers in-depth explanations and practical examples to help students master important chemistry concepts.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
12
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Explore the process of preparing a volumetric solution and conducting an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide. This practical guide covers essential laboratory techniques, chemical calculations, and safety precautions, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of titration methods. Ideal for chemistry students seeking to master titration skills and laboratory practices.
Chemistrygrade 7+ gcse combined science notes
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in chemical analysis, including stoichiometric calculations, gravimetric analysis, and the use of various chemical apparatus such as conical flasks and digital balances. This summary provides insights into acid-base titrations and methods for improving percentage yield in reactions.
ChemistryExplore essential concepts in A Level Chemistry, including mole calculations, Avogadro's constant, atomic structure, and empirical formulas. This resource provides clear explanations and key formulas to enhance your understanding of chemical principles. Ideal for exam preparation and mastering foundational topics in chemistry.
ChemistryComprehensive summary of Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure for National 5 Chemistry. This resource covers key concepts such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, reaction kinetics, acid-base reactions, and stoichiometry. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
ChemistryExplore essential mole calculations and stoichiometry concepts for A-Level Chemistry. This study resource covers the amount of substance, back titration methods, and detailed examples to enhance your understanding of chemical calculations. Perfect for exam preparation and mastering key concepts.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology