Subjects

Chemistry

Physical chemistry

Amount of substance

Balanced equations and associated calculations

Fun with Advanced Higher Chemistry: Stoichiometric Calculations, Benzoic Acid Experiments, and More!

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Fun with Advanced Higher Chemistry: Stoichiometric Calculations, Benzoic Acid Experiments, and More!

Katie Rose

@katierose

36 Followers

This document provides an in-depth overview of stoichiometric calculations in Advanced Higher Chemistry, focusing on percentage yield, reactants in excess, and pharmaceutical calculations. It covers practical examples like the preparation of benzoic acid from ethyl benzoate, demonstrating key concepts in chemical reactions and calculations.

Key points:
• Explains stoichiometry and its importance in chemical reactions
• Details the process of calculating percentage yield using a practical experiment
• Discusses factors affecting percentage yield in chemical reactions
• Covers calculations involving reactants in excess
• Introduces pharmaceutical calculations, including percentage solutions by mass and volume

04/09/2022

334

4) Researching Chemistry
Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships involved in chemical
reactions

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Stoichiometric Calculations in Advanced Higher Chemistry

This section introduces the concept of stoichiometry and its application in chemical reactions, particularly focusing on the preparation of benzoic acid from ethyl benzoate. It outlines the two-step process involved in this reaction and provides a practical example to demonstrate stoichiometric calculations.

Definition: Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships involved in chemical reactions.

The document emphasizes the importance of balancing and interpreting equations for accurate calculations. It then presents a detailed example of calculating percentage yield using the preparation of benzoic acid.

Example: The preparation of benzoic acid involves two steps:

Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate to form sodium benzoate

Addition of hydrochloric acid to precipitate benzoic acid

The section concludes by listing factors that can lower the percentage yield of a product, such as mass transfer issues, mechanical losses, and impurities in reactants.

Highlight: Factors affecting percentage yield include mass transfer of reactants/products, mechanical losses, purification processes, side reactions, equilibrium position, and reactant purity.

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Calculating Percentage Yield

This page provides a practical example of calculating percentage yield using experimental data from the preparation of benzoic acid. It presents a table of measurements obtained during the experiment and walks through the calculation process step-by-step.

Example: Calculation of theoretical yield: 1 mole of ethyl benzoate → 1 mole of benzoic acid 150.0g → 122.0g 5.36g → 4.36g (theoretical yield)

The document then demonstrates how to calculate the actual percentage yield by comparing the theoretical yield to the mass produced in the experiment.

Vocabulary: Percentage yield is the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.

Example: Percentage yield calculation: Theoretical yield = 4.36g Actual yield = 3.24g Percentage yield = (3.24 / 4.36) x 100 = 74.3%

This practical example helps students understand how to calculate theoretical yield and how to calculate percentage yield from mass, which are crucial skills in Advanced Higher Chemistry stoichiometric calculations.

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Calculations Associated With Pharmaceuticals

The final section introduces calculations related to pharmaceutical solutions, focusing on percentage solutions by mass and volume. These concepts are crucial for students preparing for the Advanced Higher Chemistry course.

Definition: Percentage solution by mass is the mass of solute made up to 100cm³ of solution.

Definition: Percentage solution by volume is the number of cm³ of solute made up to 100cm³ of solution.

The document provides formulas and examples for both types of calculations:

Example: Percentage by mass calculation: 100g of salt solution has 30g of salt in it %mass = (30/100) x 100 = 30%

Example: Percentage by volume calculation: Wine with 12ml alcohol per 100ml of solution %volume = (12/100) x 100 = 12%

These examples help students understand how to calculate actual yield and percentage yield in pharmaceutical contexts, which is valuable knowledge for those pursuing chemistry at an advanced level.

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Reactants in Excess

This section introduces the concept of reactants in excess using the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid as an example. It explains how to determine which reactant is in excess and provides a step-by-step calculation.

Definition: A reactant is in excess when there is more of it than is required to react completely with the limiting reactant.

The document presents a balanced equation for the reaction:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

It then explains the molar ratio between the reactants and how this affects the reaction outcome.

Example: Excess calculation: 10g of calcium carbonate reacts with 50cm³ of 2 mol l⁻¹ hydrochloric acid

Calculation steps:

Calculate moles of each reactant

Compare to the balanced equation

Determine which reactant is in excess

This example demonstrates how to calculate theoretical yield from limiting reagent, an essential skill in Advanced Higher Chemistry stoichiometric calculations.

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Subjects

Chemistry

Physical chemistry

Amount of substance

Balanced equations and associated calculations

Fun with Advanced Higher Chemistry: Stoichiometric Calculations, Benzoic Acid Experiments, and More!

Katie Rose

@katierose

36 Followers

04/09/2022

334

Chemistry

Stoichiometric Calculations in Advanced Higher Chemistry

Definition: Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships involved in chemical reactions.

Example: The preparation of benzoic acid involves two steps:

Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate to form sodium benzoate

Addition of hydrochloric acid to precipitate benzoic acid

The section concludes by listing factors that can lower the percentage yield of a product, such as mass transfer issues, mechanical losses, and impurities in reactants.

Highlight: Factors affecting percentage yield include mass transfer of reactants/products, mechanical losses, purification processes, side reactions, equilibrium position, and reactant purity.

Calculating Percentage Yield

Example: Calculation of theoretical yield: 1 mole of ethyl benzoate → 1 mole of benzoic acid 150.0g → 122.0g 5.36g → 4.36g (theoretical yield)

The document then demonstrates how to calculate the actual percentage yield by comparing the theoretical yield to the mass produced in the experiment.

Vocabulary: Percentage yield is the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.

Example: Percentage yield calculation: Theoretical yield = 4.36g Actual yield = 3.24g Percentage yield = (3.24 / 4.36) x 100 = 74.3%

Calculations Associated With Pharmaceuticals

Definition: Percentage solution by mass is the mass of solute made up to 100cm³ of solution.

Definition: Percentage solution by volume is the number of cm³ of solute made up to 100cm³ of solution.

The document provides formulas and examples for both types of calculations:

Example: Percentage by mass calculation: 100g of salt solution has 30g of salt in it %mass = (30/100) x 100 = 30%

Example: Percentage by volume calculation: Wine with 12ml alcohol per 100ml of solution %volume = (12/100) x 100 = 12%

Reactants in Excess

Definition: A reactant is in excess when there is more of it than is required to react completely with the limiting reactant.

The document presents a balanced equation for the reaction:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

It then explains the molar ratio between the reactants and how this affects the reaction outcome.

Example: Excess calculation: 10g of calcium carbonate reacts with 50cm³ of 2 mol l⁻¹ hydrochloric acid

Calculation steps:

Calculate moles of each reactant

Compare to the balanced equation

Determine which reactant is in excess

This example demonstrates how to calculate theoretical yield from limiting reagent, an essential skill in Advanced Higher Chemistry stoichiometric calculations.

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

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4.9+

Average app rating

13 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

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iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

Fun with Advanced Higher Chemistry: Stoichiometric Calculations, Benzoic Acid Experiments, and More!

Stoichiometric Calculations in Advanced Higher Chemistry

Calculating Percentage Yield

Calculations Associated With Pharmaceuticals

Reactants in Excess

Similar content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

13 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

Fun with Advanced Higher Chemistry: Stoichiometric Calculations, Benzoic Acid Experiments, and More!

Stoichiometric Calculations in Advanced Higher Chemistry

Calculating Percentage Yield

Calculations Associated With Pharmaceuticals

Reactants in Excess

Similar content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

13 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.