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28 Dec 2025

17 pages

Comprehensive N5 Chemistry - Nature's Chemistry Notes

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Amy Neill

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unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Homologous Series and Alkanes

Think of homologous series as chemical families - just like how all the Neills in a family share the surname but are still different people! These are groups of hydrocarbons with similar properties that follow the same general formula pattern.

Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbon family, and they're everywhere in your daily life. From the methane in your gas cooker to the butane in your lighter, these compounds all end in '-ane' and make brilliant fuels because they burn so cleanly.

The first few alkanes are methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), and butane (C₄H₁₀). Each one has more carbon atoms than the last, creating a neat pattern. You'll also see pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane - and yes, octane is the same stuff that makes petrol work in cars!

Quick Tip: Remember "McBride educates people by pretending he has oscars" to recall the order: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane.

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Alkane General Formula

Here's where alkanes get really clever - they follow a general formula of CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Think of this like a postcode system for chemistry - once you know the pattern, you can work out any alkane's formula instantly.

The 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms, so if you've got 11 carbons, you'd have C₁₁H₂₄ (that's 11 carbons and 24 hydrogens). It's basically chemistry maths that actually makes sense!

You'll encounter three ways to write chemical formulas. Molecular formula (MF) shows just the atoms, full structural formula (FSF) draws out every single bond, and shortened structural formula (SSF) gives you the middle ground that's quick to write but still shows the structure.

Exam Smart: Master this general formula - it's guaranteed to come up in your tests, and once you've got it, you can tackle any alkane question with confidence.

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Alkenes and Double Bonds

Alkenes are alkanes' more reactive cousins - they've got a carbon-carbon double bond that changes everything. This double bond makes them incredibly useful for making plastics, but it also means methane can't be an alkene (you need at least two carbons to make a double bond!).

Starting with ethene (C₂H₄), then propene (C₃H₆), these compounds follow the pattern CₙH₂ₙ. Notice how they've got fewer hydrogens than alkanes - that's because of the double bond taking up space.

The position of the double bond matters too. Pent-2-ene means the double bond starts at the second carbon atom. It's like giving directions in chemistry - you need to be specific about where things are located.

Memory Trick: If you flip a pencil and ruler together, the pencil stays in the same place - just like how 'ene' endings stick with alkenes!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Cycloalkanes - Chemistry Goes in Circles

Cycloalkanes are basically alkanes that got bored of being straight chains and decided to form rings instead. They've only got single bonds like regular alkanes, but they're arranged in cycles - hence the name!

Cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane look like triangles, squares, and pentagons respectively when you draw them out. Despite being rings, they follow the same general formula as alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ.

The ring structure makes these compounds behave differently from straight-chain alkanes, even though they have the same types of bonds. Cyclopropane, for instance, is used as an anaesthetic, while you'd never want to breathe in regular propane!

Fun Fact: Cycloalkanes and alkenes have identical general formulas (CₙH₂ₙ) but completely different properties - it's all about the shape!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Saturated vs Unsaturated Compounds

Here's a concept that'll make perfect sense once you get it. Saturated compounds only have single carbon-carbon bonds - they're 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated compounds have double bonds and could theoretically hold more hydrogens.

Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated (single bonds only), while alkenes are unsaturated (they've got that double bond). This isn't just academic - it affects how these compounds behave in real life.

The bromine water test is your go-to method for spotting unsaturated compounds. Add bromine water to your sample - if it goes from brown to colourless, you've got an unsaturated compound. If it stays brown, it's saturated.

Lab Alert: Always say "bromine water decolourises" in your practical write-ups - examiners love precise scientific language!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Naming Branched Hydrocarbons - Part 1

Real molecules aren't always neat straight chains - they branch out like family trees! Branched hydrocarbons need special naming rules so everyone knows exactly which structure you're talking about.

Here's the three-step system that works every time: find the longest continuous chain and name it (this becomes your base name), identify any branches and name them (methyl for one carbon, ethyl for two), then number the carbons to give branches the lowest possible numbers.

For 2-methylpentane, you've got a five-carbon chain (pentane) with a one-carbon branch (methyl) attached to the second carbon. Simple once you know the rules!

Pro Tip: The longest chain isn't always obvious - sometimes it zigzags through the molecule, so look carefully!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Naming Branched Hydrocarbons - Part 2

When you've got multiple branches, things get more interesting but follow the same logic. 2,2-dimethylbutane has two methyl groups both attached to the second carbon - 'di' means two, and you list the position numbers separated by commas.

Alphabetical order is crucial when you have different types of branches. In 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane, 'ethyl' comes before 'methyl' alphabetically, even though the methyl group is on a lower-numbered carbon.

Remember your prefixes: di (two), tri (three), tetra (four). These tell you how many of each type of branch you've got. The key is being systematic - follow the rules, and you'll nail the naming every time.

Exam Essential: Always use the smallest possible numbers for branch positions - examiners will mark you down for using unnecessarily large numbers!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Shortened Structural Formulas

Shortened structural formulas are chemistry's way of saving time while still showing exactly how molecules are built. Instead of drawing every single bond, you group atoms together and use brackets to show branches.

In 2-methylpentane, written as CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃, the (CH₃) in brackets shows the methyl branch attached to that carbon. It's like chemical shorthand that experienced chemists can read as easily as text.

When you see something like (CH₃)₂, the subscript 2 outside the bracket means there are two of whatever's inside - so two methyl groups attached to the same carbon. This notation saves loads of space and time.

Study Smart: Practice converting between full structural formulas and shortened versions - it's a skill that'll speed up your homework dramatically!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Addition Reactions

Addition reactions are where chemistry gets really exciting - small molecules literally add across double bonds to create new compounds. Think of it like snapping a double bond open and inserting something new.

The main types you need to know are bromination (adding Br₂), hydrogenation (adding H₂), chlorination (adding Cl₂), and hydration (adding H₂O). Each reaction follows the same pattern - the double bond breaks and the new atoms attach.

In hydration, water splits into H and OH parts. The hydrogen attaches to one carbon, and the OH group attaches to the other. This reaction is actually how we make alcohols from alkenes industrially.

Real World: Hydrogenation is used to make margarine from vegetable oils - you're literally watching chemistry happen in your kitchen!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

Isomers - Same Formula, Different Structures

Isomers are chemistry's way of showing that the same ingredients can make completely different dishes. These compounds have identical molecular formulas but totally different structural arrangements - and therefore different properties.

Butane and 2-methylpropane both have the formula C₄H₁₀, but butane is a straight chain while 2-methylpropane is branched. Same atoms, different arrangement, different boiling points and properties.

But-1-ene has several isomers including but-2-ene (double bond in a different position), 2-methylpropene (branched alkene), and even cyclobutane (completely different shape but same formula). They all share the formula C₄H₈ but behave as distinct compounds.

Mind-Blowing Fact: As molecules get larger, the number of possible isomers explodes - there are over 4 billion isomers possible for C₃₀H₆₂!



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Xander S

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Chemistry

377

28 Dec 2025

17 pages

Comprehensive N5 Chemistry - Nature's Chemistry Notes

user profile picture

Amy Neill

@amyneill

Ever wondered why petrol burns so well in car engines or how chemists can create thousands of different compounds from just carbon and hydrogen? Welcome to the fascinating world of hydrocarbons - the building blocks of fuels, plastics, and countless... Show more

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Access to all documents

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Homologous Series and Alkanes

Think of homologous series as chemical families - just like how all the Neills in a family share the surname but are still different people! These are groups of hydrocarbons with similar properties that follow the same general formula pattern.

Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbon family, and they're everywhere in your daily life. From the methane in your gas cooker to the butane in your lighter, these compounds all end in '-ane' and make brilliant fuels because they burn so cleanly.

The first few alkanes are methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), and butane (C₄H₁₀). Each one has more carbon atoms than the last, creating a neat pattern. You'll also see pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane - and yes, octane is the same stuff that makes petrol work in cars!

Quick Tip: Remember "McBride educates people by pretending he has oscars" to recall the order: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane.

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Alkane General Formula

Here's where alkanes get really clever - they follow a general formula of CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Think of this like a postcode system for chemistry - once you know the pattern, you can work out any alkane's formula instantly.

The 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms, so if you've got 11 carbons, you'd have C₁₁H₂₄ (that's 11 carbons and 24 hydrogens). It's basically chemistry maths that actually makes sense!

You'll encounter three ways to write chemical formulas. Molecular formula (MF) shows just the atoms, full structural formula (FSF) draws out every single bond, and shortened structural formula (SSF) gives you the middle ground that's quick to write but still shows the structure.

Exam Smart: Master this general formula - it's guaranteed to come up in your tests, and once you've got it, you can tackle any alkane question with confidence.

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Alkenes and Double Bonds

Alkenes are alkanes' more reactive cousins - they've got a carbon-carbon double bond that changes everything. This double bond makes them incredibly useful for making plastics, but it also means methane can't be an alkene (you need at least two carbons to make a double bond!).

Starting with ethene (C₂H₄), then propene (C₃H₆), these compounds follow the pattern CₙH₂ₙ. Notice how they've got fewer hydrogens than alkanes - that's because of the double bond taking up space.

The position of the double bond matters too. Pent-2-ene means the double bond starts at the second carbon atom. It's like giving directions in chemistry - you need to be specific about where things are located.

Memory Trick: If you flip a pencil and ruler together, the pencil stays in the same place - just like how 'ene' endings stick with alkenes!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Cycloalkanes - Chemistry Goes in Circles

Cycloalkanes are basically alkanes that got bored of being straight chains and decided to form rings instead. They've only got single bonds like regular alkanes, but they're arranged in cycles - hence the name!

Cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane look like triangles, squares, and pentagons respectively when you draw them out. Despite being rings, they follow the same general formula as alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ.

The ring structure makes these compounds behave differently from straight-chain alkanes, even though they have the same types of bonds. Cyclopropane, for instance, is used as an anaesthetic, while you'd never want to breathe in regular propane!

Fun Fact: Cycloalkanes and alkenes have identical general formulas (CₙH₂ₙ) but completely different properties - it's all about the shape!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Saturated vs Unsaturated Compounds

Here's a concept that'll make perfect sense once you get it. Saturated compounds only have single carbon-carbon bonds - they're 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated compounds have double bonds and could theoretically hold more hydrogens.

Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated (single bonds only), while alkenes are unsaturated (they've got that double bond). This isn't just academic - it affects how these compounds behave in real life.

The bromine water test is your go-to method for spotting unsaturated compounds. Add bromine water to your sample - if it goes from brown to colourless, you've got an unsaturated compound. If it stays brown, it's saturated.

Lab Alert: Always say "bromine water decolourises" in your practical write-ups - examiners love precise scientific language!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Naming Branched Hydrocarbons - Part 1

Real molecules aren't always neat straight chains - they branch out like family trees! Branched hydrocarbons need special naming rules so everyone knows exactly which structure you're talking about.

Here's the three-step system that works every time: find the longest continuous chain and name it (this becomes your base name), identify any branches and name them (methyl for one carbon, ethyl for two), then number the carbons to give branches the lowest possible numbers.

For 2-methylpentane, you've got a five-carbon chain (pentane) with a one-carbon branch (methyl) attached to the second carbon. Simple once you know the rules!

Pro Tip: The longest chain isn't always obvious - sometimes it zigzags through the molecule, so look carefully!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Naming Branched Hydrocarbons - Part 2

When you've got multiple branches, things get more interesting but follow the same logic. 2,2-dimethylbutane has two methyl groups both attached to the second carbon - 'di' means two, and you list the position numbers separated by commas.

Alphabetical order is crucial when you have different types of branches. In 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane, 'ethyl' comes before 'methyl' alphabetically, even though the methyl group is on a lower-numbered carbon.

Remember your prefixes: di (two), tri (three), tetra (four). These tell you how many of each type of branch you've got. The key is being systematic - follow the rules, and you'll nail the naming every time.

Exam Essential: Always use the smallest possible numbers for branch positions - examiners will mark you down for using unnecessarily large numbers!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Shortened Structural Formulas

Shortened structural formulas are chemistry's way of saving time while still showing exactly how molecules are built. Instead of drawing every single bond, you group atoms together and use brackets to show branches.

In 2-methylpentane, written as CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃, the (CH₃) in brackets shows the methyl branch attached to that carbon. It's like chemical shorthand that experienced chemists can read as easily as text.

When you see something like (CH₃)₂, the subscript 2 outside the bracket means there are two of whatever's inside - so two methyl groups attached to the same carbon. This notation saves loads of space and time.

Study Smart: Practice converting between full structural formulas and shortened versions - it's a skill that'll speed up your homework dramatically!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Addition Reactions

Addition reactions are where chemistry gets really exciting - small molecules literally add across double bonds to create new compounds. Think of it like snapping a double bond open and inserting something new.

The main types you need to know are bromination (adding Br₂), hydrogenation (adding H₂), chlorination (adding Cl₂), and hydration (adding H₂O). Each reaction follows the same pattern - the double bond breaks and the new atoms attach.

In hydration, water splits into H and OH parts. The hydrogen attaches to one carbon, and the OH group attaches to the other. This reaction is actually how we make alcohols from alkenes industrially.

Real World: Hydrogenation is used to make margarine from vegetable oils - you're literally watching chemistry happen in your kitchen!

unit one
HOMOLOGOUS Series
Homologous series A family of hydrocarbons with
Similar chemical properties and
can be represented by a
general f

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Isomers - Same Formula, Different Structures

Isomers are chemistry's way of showing that the same ingredients can make completely different dishes. These compounds have identical molecular formulas but totally different structural arrangements - and therefore different properties.

Butane and 2-methylpropane both have the formula C₄H₁₀, but butane is a straight chain while 2-methylpropane is branched. Same atoms, different arrangement, different boiling points and properties.

But-1-ene has several isomers including but-2-ene (double bond in a different position), 2-methylpropene (branched alkene), and even cyclobutane (completely different shape but same formula). They all share the formula C₄H₈ but behave as distinct compounds.

Mind-Blowing Fact: As molecules get larger, the number of possible isomers explodes - there are over 4 billion isomers possible for C₃₀H₆₂!

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Where can I download the Knowunity app?

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Is Knowunity really free of charge?

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4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user