Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Naming Rules
Understanding molecular formulae is your first step into organic chemistry. You'll encounter different types: empirical (simplest ratio), molecular (actual numbers of atoms), structural (showing connections), displayed (every bond drawn), and skeletal (simplified diagrams). Think of these as different ways to describe the same molecule - like giving directions using a map versus landmarks.
Homologous series are families of compounds that share the same functional group - the bit that makes them react in similar ways. Each series has its own general formula, making it dead easy to work out molecular formulae once you know the pattern.
The IUPAC naming system follows simple rules that work like a code. Start with the stem (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-) based on carbon count, then add the ending based on the functional group (-ol for alcohols, -one for ketones, -al for aldehydes, -oic acid for carboxylic acids).
Quick Tip: Always find the longest carbon chain that includes the functional group - that's your main stem. Number carbons to give the functional group the lowest possible number.
