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Chemistry

Physical chemistry

Amount of substance

The ideal gas equation

Higher Chemistry Unit 3: Industrial Processes, Environmental Questions, and Answers

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Higher Chemistry Unit 3: Industrial Processes, Environmental Questions, and Answers

Olivia Churcher

@oliviachurcher

113 Followers

Higher Chemistry Unit 3: Industrial Processes and Environmental Considerations covers key concepts in chemical reactions, industrial processes, and environmental impact. This unit explores topics such as reaction rates, equilibria, and atom economy, providing students with essential knowledge for understanding industrial chemistry and its environmental implications.

• The unit covers molar calculations, percentage yield, and atom economy
• It explores factors affecting reaction rates and collision theory
• Enthalpy diagrams and Hess's Law are discussed for energy calculations
• Industrial processes and environmental considerations are key themes

02/04/2023

1133

21
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UNIT 3
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Molar Calculations and Formulas

This page presents key formulas and relationships used in molar calculations, which are fundamental to Higher Chemistry unit 3 industrial processes environmental considerations questions.

• Moles (n) = mass (m) / gram formula mass (gfm) • Concentration (C) = moles (n) / volume (V) • Energy change (ΔE) = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

Definition: Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance, typically a gas, at a given temperature and pressure.

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Atom Economy in Chemical Reactions

This page introduces the concept of atom economy, which is crucial for understanding efficiency in chemical reactions and is often featured in Higher Chemistry unit 3 industrial processes environmental considerations qui.

• Atom economy shows how successfully reactants are converted into desired products • The formula for atom economy is: (Mass of desired product / Total mass of reactants) × 100

Example: An atom economy calculation is demonstrated for the production of hydrogen from methane and steam.

View

Collision Theory in Chemical Reactions

This page explains collision theory, which is fundamental to understanding Why does rate of reaction decrease over time collision theory.

Key points of collision theory: • Particles must collide to react • Successful collisions require sufficient activation energy • Correct collision geometry is necessary

Vocabulary: Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for particles to collide and potentially react.

View

Hess's Law and Enthalpy Calculations

This page explains Hess's Law and its application in calculating enthalpy changes, which is crucial for solving Higher chemistry unit 3 calculations percentage yield and atom economy questions.

• Hess's Law states that the overall enthalpy change is independent of the route taken • It allows for the calculation of enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly

Example: A step-by-step calculation using Hess's Law is demonstrated for a complex reaction involving carbon, sulfur, and oxygen.

View

Enthalpy of Combustion and Bond Enthalpies

This page discusses enthalpy of combustion and bond enthalpies, important concepts in thermochemistry and often part of Higher Chemistry Unit 1 curriculum.

• Enthalpy of combustion is the energy released when one mole of a substance burns completely in oxygen • Bond breaking is endothermic, while bond forming is exothermic • Mean bond enthalpy is the average energy required to break one mole of bonds in various compounds

Example: A diagram of a simple calorimeter setup is shown for measuring enthalpy of combustion.

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Percentage Yield Calculations

This page covers the calculation of percentage yield, an important concept in Higher Chemistry Unit 3 Past Paper questions.

• Percentage yield compares the actual amount of product obtained to the theoretical maximum • The formula for percentage yield is: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100

Example: A detailed calculation is provided for the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate production from ethanol and ethanoic acid.

View

Molar Volume Calculations

This page explains molar volume calculations, which are essential for Controlling rate of reaction in higher chemistry unit 3 questions.

• Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of gas at the same temperature and pressure • Standard molar volume is typically 24 dm³ at room temperature and pressure

Example: A calculation is shown for determining the volume of oxygen produced from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

View

Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

This page discusses the various factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions, a key topic in Higher Chemistry unit 3 bbc Bitesize.

Factors affecting reaction rate include: • Temperature • Concentration • Pressure • Particle size • Catalysts

Definition: Average rate of reaction is defined as the change in quantity of a reactant or product divided by the time taken.

View

Excess Calculations in Chemical Reactions

This page explains the concept of excess reactants in chemical reactions, which is crucial for Higher Chemistry unit 3 questions and answers.

• Excess calculations ensure costly reactants are fully converted into products • Excess reactants can be recycled, making the process more economical

Example: In a reaction between carbon monoxide and oxygen, calculations are shown to determine which gas is in excess and which is the limiting reagent.

View

Enthalpy Diagrams and Reaction Energy

This page covers enthalpy diagrams and their use in illustrating energy changes during chemical reactions, a topic often featured in Higher Chemistry unit 2 Notes.

• Enthalpy diagrams show the energy difference between reactants and products • Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy • Catalysts lower the activation energy without being consumed in the reaction

Highlight: Understanding enthalpy diagrams is crucial for interpreting energy changes in chemical reactions.

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Subjects

Chemistry

Physical chemistry

Amount of substance

The ideal gas equation

Higher Chemistry Unit 3: Industrial Processes, Environmental Questions, and Answers

Olivia Churcher

@oliviachurcher

113 Followers

02/04/2023

1133

S5/S6

Chemistry

Molar Calculations and Formulas

This page presents key formulas and relationships used in molar calculations, which are fundamental to Higher Chemistry unit 3 industrial processes environmental considerations questions.

• Moles (n) = mass (m) / gram formula mass (gfm) • Concentration (C) = moles (n) / volume (V) • Energy change (ΔE) = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

Definition: Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance, typically a gas, at a given temperature and pressure.

Atom Economy in Chemical Reactions

• Atom economy shows how successfully reactants are converted into desired products • The formula for atom economy is: (Mass of desired product / Total mass of reactants) × 100

Example: An atom economy calculation is demonstrated for the production of hydrogen from methane and steam.

Collision Theory in Chemical Reactions

This page explains collision theory, which is fundamental to understanding Why does rate of reaction decrease over time collision theory.

Key points of collision theory: • Particles must collide to react • Successful collisions require sufficient activation energy • Correct collision geometry is necessary

Vocabulary: Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for particles to collide and potentially react.

Hess's Law and Enthalpy Calculations

This page explains Hess's Law and its application in calculating enthalpy changes, which is crucial for solving Higher chemistry unit 3 calculations percentage yield and atom economy questions.

• Hess's Law states that the overall enthalpy change is independent of the route taken • It allows for the calculation of enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly

Example: A step-by-step calculation using Hess's Law is demonstrated for a complex reaction involving carbon, sulfur, and oxygen.

Enthalpy of Combustion and Bond Enthalpies

This page discusses enthalpy of combustion and bond enthalpies, important concepts in thermochemistry and often part of Higher Chemistry Unit 1 curriculum.

Example: A diagram of a simple calorimeter setup is shown for measuring enthalpy of combustion.

Percentage Yield Calculations

This page covers the calculation of percentage yield, an important concept in Higher Chemistry Unit 3 Past Paper questions.

• Percentage yield compares the actual amount of product obtained to the theoretical maximum • The formula for percentage yield is: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100

Example: A detailed calculation is provided for the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate production from ethanol and ethanoic acid.

Molar Volume Calculations

This page explains molar volume calculations, which are essential for Controlling rate of reaction in higher chemistry unit 3 questions.

• Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of gas at the same temperature and pressure • Standard molar volume is typically 24 dm³ at room temperature and pressure

Example: A calculation is shown for determining the volume of oxygen produced from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

This page discusses the various factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions, a key topic in Higher Chemistry unit 3 bbc Bitesize.

Factors affecting reaction rate include: • Temperature • Concentration • Pressure • Particle size • Catalysts

Definition: Average rate of reaction is defined as the change in quantity of a reactant or product divided by the time taken.

Excess Calculations in Chemical Reactions

This page explains the concept of excess reactants in chemical reactions, which is crucial for Higher Chemistry unit 3 questions and answers.

• Excess calculations ensure costly reactants are fully converted into products • Excess reactants can be recycled, making the process more economical

Example: In a reaction between carbon monoxide and oxygen, calculations are shown to determine which gas is in excess and which is the limiting reagent.

Enthalpy Diagrams and Reaction Energy

This page covers enthalpy diagrams and their use in illustrating energy changes during chemical reactions, a topic often featured in Higher Chemistry unit 2 Notes.