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Scott Radley
06/10/2023
Chemistry
Higher Chemistry- Revision Questions for course
510
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6 Oct 2023
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Scott Radley
@scottradley_rcem
Understanding chemical reaction rates and how to measure them is... Show more
Page 2: Measurement Methods and Bonding Types
This section details various methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry and introduces different types of chemical bonding. The content explores ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding structures.
Highlight: Rate of reaction can be measured through volume change, mass loss, or using gas syringes.
Definition: Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metals.
Example: Noble gases are monoatomic elements with stable, full outer shells.
Vocabulary: Diatomic molecules consist of two atoms joined by a covalent bond.
Page 3: Molecular Forces and Periodic Trends
The final page explores intermolecular forces and periodic trends in atomic properties. It covers covalent molecular structures and explains trends in atomic size and electronegativity.
Definition: Covalent radius is half the distance between nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.
Highlight: Intermolecular forces affect melting and boiling points of molecular substances.
Example: Diamond and graphite are examples of covalent network structures with high melting points.
Vocabulary: Electronegativity measures an atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond.
[Note: Continue with remaining pages following the same format...]
Ionic bonding occurs through electron transfer between atoms, typically between metals and non-metals with large electronegativity differences. The strength of ionic character depends on the electronegativity gap between elements. For example, lithium fluoride (LiF) shows strong ionic character due to the large difference in electronegativity between Li and F.
Definition: Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions formed through electron transfer.
Van der Waals forces represent the three main types of intermolecular forces between molecules. These include London Dispersion Forces (LDF), permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions (PDP-PDP), and hydrogen bonding. LDF occurs in all atoms and molecules, including noble gases and diatomic molecules like halogens. These forces increase in strength down a group due to more electrons creating stronger temporary dipoles.
Example: In the bonding continuum, molecules like F₂ exhibit pure covalent bonding (0.0 electronegativity difference), while BeF₂ shows polar covalent character (2.5 difference), and LiF demonstrates ionic bonding (3.0 difference).
Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions occur between polar molecules and are stronger than LDF but weaker than hydrogen bonding. These forces play a crucial role in determining physical properties like melting and boiling points. The strength of intermolecular forces directly impacts these properties - stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
Esters form through condensation reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids, also known as esterification. The naming convention follows specific rules - the alcohol portion ends in "-yl" while the acid portion ends in "-oate".
Vocabulary: Esterification is a condensation reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid, producing an ester and water.
The experimental setup for ester formation requires careful consideration. Key components include:
Highlight: The presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and heating accelerates the esterification reaction.
When naming organic compounds, functional groups play a crucial role. The hydroxyl group (-OH) identifies alcohols, while the carboxyl group (-COOH) identifies carboxylic acids. Complex organic molecules often require careful attention to numbering and branch positions for accurate naming.
Effect of catalyst on rate of reaction involves understanding UV radiation and its impacts. Ultraviolet radiation represents a high-energy form of light present in sunlight that can break molecular bonds and form free radicals. These effects can lead to DNA damage, mutations, and photoaging through collagen breakdown.
Definition: Free radicals are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive and potentially damaging to biological systems.
Free radical chain reactions occur in three main steps:
Example: In the reaction between methane and bromine (CH₄ + Br₂), UV light initiates the formation of bromine radicals, leading to a chain reaction.
Free radical scavengers play a crucial role in preventing chain reactions. These molecules, often found in sunscreens and anti-aging products, can react with free radicals to form stable compounds, protecting against UV damage.
Understanding Methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry requires mastery of fundamental calculations. The general formula mass (GFM) calculations involve adding atomic masses of all elements in a compound. For example, CaCO₃ has a GFM of 100.1 g/mol.
Formula: Two key mole equations:
Percentage yield calculations compare actual yield to theoretical yield: % yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) × 100
Example: In a reaction producing MgO, if the theoretical yield is 16.56g and actual yield is 12g: % yield = (12/16.56) × 100 = 72.5%
Factors affecting yield include:
Atom economy represents the efficiency of chemical reactions by showing how many atoms from reactants end up in the desired product. A perfect atom economy of 100% means all reactant atoms become part of the intended product, which is ideal for sustainable chemistry and industrial processes.
Definition: Atom economy is calculated using the formula: (Mass of desired product ÷ Total mass of reactants) × 100
When dealing with chemical reactions, by-products can present significant challenges. These unwanted substances may be toxic, flammable, or corrosive, making them difficult to handle safely. Additionally, the formation of by-products reduces atom economy, making the process less efficient and potentially more costly. For example, in the synthesis of carbon monoxide from methane and water (CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂), the atom economy calculation reveals an efficiency of 82.4%.
Understanding molar volume is crucial for gas calculations in chemistry. Molar volume represents the volume occupied by one mole of any gas under specific conditions. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), gases occupy 24 liters per mole. This principle allows chemists to compare volumes of different gases directly, as demonstrated when comparing NO₂ and Cl₂ volumes.
Example: When comparing 20g NO₂ and 29g Cl₂:
Methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry involve various techniques depending on the type of reaction and products formed. Gas syringe methods are particularly useful for reactions producing gases, allowing precise volume measurements over time.
Highlight: For accurate molar volume measurements, scientists can use:
When measuring gas volumes in reactions, it's essential to maintain constant temperature and pressure conditions. This principle is demonstrated in combustion reactions, such as methane burning with oxygen (CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O). Using the mole ratio method, we can predict product volumes based on reactant volumes.
Vocabulary: Key terms for gas measurements:
These experimental methods are fundamental for studying how to measure rate of reaction experimentally and understanding gas behavior in chemical reactions. Proper technique and careful measurement are essential for accurate results in both educational and research settings.
Page 1: Reaction Rates and Energy Concepts
This page introduces fundamental concepts about reaction rates and energy distributions. The content covers collision theory conditions and factors affecting reaction rates, including temperature and concentration effects.
Definition: Relative rate is expressed as r=1/t, where r is the rate and t is time.
Highlight: The Boltzmann distribution shows how temperature affects the number of particles with sufficient energy to react.
Example: A catalyst lowers activation energy without being consumed in the reaction, providing an alternative reaction pathway.
Vocabulary: Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Scott Radley
@scottradley_rcem
Understanding chemical reaction rates and how to measure them is fundamental to chemistry studies.
Related rates formulas derivativeshelp us understand how different variables in a reaction change concerning each other. When studying reaction rates, scientists often focus on measuring... Show more
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Page 2: Measurement Methods and Bonding Types
This section details various methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry and introduces different types of chemical bonding. The content explores ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding structures.
Highlight: Rate of reaction can be measured through volume change, mass loss, or using gas syringes.
Definition: Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metals.
Example: Noble gases are monoatomic elements with stable, full outer shells.
Vocabulary: Diatomic molecules consist of two atoms joined by a covalent bond.
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Page 3: Molecular Forces and Periodic Trends
The final page explores intermolecular forces and periodic trends in atomic properties. It covers covalent molecular structures and explains trends in atomic size and electronegativity.
Definition: Covalent radius is half the distance between nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.
Highlight: Intermolecular forces affect melting and boiling points of molecular substances.
Example: Diamond and graphite are examples of covalent network structures with high melting points.
Vocabulary: Electronegativity measures an atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond.
[Note: Continue with remaining pages following the same format...]
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Ionic bonding occurs through electron transfer between atoms, typically between metals and non-metals with large electronegativity differences. The strength of ionic character depends on the electronegativity gap between elements. For example, lithium fluoride (LiF) shows strong ionic character due to the large difference in electronegativity between Li and F.
Definition: Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions formed through electron transfer.
Van der Waals forces represent the three main types of intermolecular forces between molecules. These include London Dispersion Forces (LDF), permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions (PDP-PDP), and hydrogen bonding. LDF occurs in all atoms and molecules, including noble gases and diatomic molecules like halogens. These forces increase in strength down a group due to more electrons creating stronger temporary dipoles.
Example: In the bonding continuum, molecules like F₂ exhibit pure covalent bonding (0.0 electronegativity difference), while BeF₂ shows polar covalent character (2.5 difference), and LiF demonstrates ionic bonding (3.0 difference).
Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions occur between polar molecules and are stronger than LDF but weaker than hydrogen bonding. These forces play a crucial role in determining physical properties like melting and boiling points. The strength of intermolecular forces directly impacts these properties - stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Esters form through condensation reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids, also known as esterification. The naming convention follows specific rules - the alcohol portion ends in "-yl" while the acid portion ends in "-oate".
Vocabulary: Esterification is a condensation reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid, producing an ester and water.
The experimental setup for ester formation requires careful consideration. Key components include:
Highlight: The presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and heating accelerates the esterification reaction.
When naming organic compounds, functional groups play a crucial role. The hydroxyl group (-OH) identifies alcohols, while the carboxyl group (-COOH) identifies carboxylic acids. Complex organic molecules often require careful attention to numbering and branch positions for accurate naming.
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Effect of catalyst on rate of reaction involves understanding UV radiation and its impacts. Ultraviolet radiation represents a high-energy form of light present in sunlight that can break molecular bonds and form free radicals. These effects can lead to DNA damage, mutations, and photoaging through collagen breakdown.
Definition: Free radicals are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive and potentially damaging to biological systems.
Free radical chain reactions occur in three main steps:
Example: In the reaction between methane and bromine (CH₄ + Br₂), UV light initiates the formation of bromine radicals, leading to a chain reaction.
Free radical scavengers play a crucial role in preventing chain reactions. These molecules, often found in sunscreens and anti-aging products, can react with free radicals to form stable compounds, protecting against UV damage.
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Understanding Methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry requires mastery of fundamental calculations. The general formula mass (GFM) calculations involve adding atomic masses of all elements in a compound. For example, CaCO₃ has a GFM of 100.1 g/mol.
Formula: Two key mole equations:
Percentage yield calculations compare actual yield to theoretical yield: % yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) × 100
Example: In a reaction producing MgO, if the theoretical yield is 16.56g and actual yield is 12g: % yield = (12/16.56) × 100 = 72.5%
Factors affecting yield include:
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Atom economy represents the efficiency of chemical reactions by showing how many atoms from reactants end up in the desired product. A perfect atom economy of 100% means all reactant atoms become part of the intended product, which is ideal for sustainable chemistry and industrial processes.
Definition: Atom economy is calculated using the formula: (Mass of desired product ÷ Total mass of reactants) × 100
When dealing with chemical reactions, by-products can present significant challenges. These unwanted substances may be toxic, flammable, or corrosive, making them difficult to handle safely. Additionally, the formation of by-products reduces atom economy, making the process less efficient and potentially more costly. For example, in the synthesis of carbon monoxide from methane and water (CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂), the atom economy calculation reveals an efficiency of 82.4%.
Understanding molar volume is crucial for gas calculations in chemistry. Molar volume represents the volume occupied by one mole of any gas under specific conditions. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), gases occupy 24 liters per mole. This principle allows chemists to compare volumes of different gases directly, as demonstrated when comparing NO₂ and Cl₂ volumes.
Example: When comparing 20g NO₂ and 29g Cl₂:
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Methods for measuring rate of reaction in chemistry involve various techniques depending on the type of reaction and products formed. Gas syringe methods are particularly useful for reactions producing gases, allowing precise volume measurements over time.
Highlight: For accurate molar volume measurements, scientists can use:
When measuring gas volumes in reactions, it's essential to maintain constant temperature and pressure conditions. This principle is demonstrated in combustion reactions, such as methane burning with oxygen (CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O). Using the mole ratio method, we can predict product volumes based on reactant volumes.
Vocabulary: Key terms for gas measurements:
These experimental methods are fundamental for studying how to measure rate of reaction experimentally and understanding gas behavior in chemical reactions. Proper technique and careful measurement are essential for accurate results in both educational and research settings.
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Improve your grades
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Page 1: Reaction Rates and Energy Concepts
This page introduces fundamental concepts about reaction rates and energy distributions. The content covers collision theory conditions and factors affecting reaction rates, including temperature and concentration effects.
Definition: Relative rate is expressed as r=1/t, where r is the rate and t is time.
Highlight: The Boltzmann distribution shows how temperature affects the number of particles with sufficient energy to react.
Example: A catalyst lowers activation energy without being consumed in the reaction, providing an alternative reaction pathway.
Vocabulary: Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user