Strong and Weak Acids

This section explores the differences between strong and weak acids, providing examples and explaining their behavior in aqueous solutions.

The process of titration is described in detail, outlining the steps involved in neutralizing an alkali with an acid.

Definition: A strong acid is an acid that ionizes fully in aqueous solutions. Examples include hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids.

Definition: A weak acid is an acid that partially ionizes in aqueous solutions. Examples include ethanoic, citric, and carbonic acids.

The concepts of concentrated and dilute solutions are defined, and their relationship to pH is explained.

Highlight: As the pH decreases by one unit, the concentration of H+ ions increases tenfold.

Electrolysis

This final section covers the process of electrolysis, explaining key terms and concepts related to this electrochemical technique.

Vocabulary: Electrodes are solid conductors made of metal, while an electrolyte is a liquid or solution containing an ionic compound that can conduct electricity.

The document explains why ionic compounds can conduct electricity in aqueous solutions or molten states, and describes the functions of anodes and cathodes.

Highlight: The anode is the positive electrode that attracts negative ions, while the cathode is the negative electrode that attracts positive ions.

The reasons for using electrolysis in metal extraction are discussed, along with its drawbacks such as high energy consumption.

Example: Metals more reactive than carbon cannot be extracted using carbon reduction and require electrolysis.

The document concludes by explaining the products formed during electrolysis based on the reactivity of the metal and the type of negative ion present.

Highlight: If the metal is higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series, hydrogen is produced. If it's lower, the metal itself is produced.