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25 Dec 2025

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2 pages

AQA GCSE Chemistry Paper 1 Simplified Mind Map

Esme

@esmepacker.

Chemistry is a fascinating science that explores how atoms interact... Show more

# Atoms

**Chemical reactions** containing only one type of substance

**Mixture** different types of atoms chemically combined

**Ionic bon

Atoms and Bonding

Atoms are the building blocks of everything around you. They can bond together in different ways, creating distinct substances with unique properties. When you understand how atoms connect, chemistry starts making much more sense!

Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to form molecules. These bonds are strong, but the forces between separate molecules are weak, leading to low boiling points. Small covalent molecules, like water or carbon dioxide, are everywhere in your daily life.

Giant covalent structures include fascinating carbon allotropes like diamond and graphite. Diamond is incredibly hard because of its rigid 3D structure, while graphite can conduct electricity thanks to its delocalised electrons that move freely between layers that slide easily past each other. Fullerenes, another carbon form, have applications ranging from medical treatments to composite materials.

Metallic bonding involves a sea of delocalised electrons moving around positive metal ions. This explains why metals conduct electricity and heat so well. Meanwhile, ionic bonding happens between metals and non-metals, where metals donate electrons and non-metals accept them, forming charged ions that attract each other.

Did you know? Nanoparticles $1-100nm$ have incredibly large surface areas relative to their volume, which makes them extremely useful in technologies from medicine to electronics!

Quantitative Chemistry and Chemical Changes

Ever wondered why some reactions produce less product than expected? Understanding limiting reactants explains this - if you run out of one reactant before the other, the reaction stops regardless of how much of the second reactant remains.

Percentage yield compares what you actually get from a reaction to the maximum theoretical amount. In real labs, yields are almost never 100% due to practical issues like incomplete reactions or losses during separation. Atom economy tells you how efficiently your reactants convert to desired products - higher is better for sustainable chemistry!

Chemical reactions always involve energy changes. In exothermic reactions, energy is released to surroundings (like burning fuel), while endothermic reactions absorb energy from the environment. The energy required to break and form bonds determines whether a reaction releases or absorbs energy overall.

Electrolysis splits compounds using electricity, causing oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. This process works with both molten compounds and solutions because the ions are free to move. This principle powers technologies from metal extraction to hydrogen fuel cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity with only water as a byproduct.

Remember: One mole of any gas occupies exactly 24dm³ at room temperature and pressure - a handy fact for calculating gas volumes in reactions!

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2 pages

AQA GCSE Chemistry Paper 1 Simplified Mind Map

Esme

@esmepacker.

Chemistry is a fascinating science that explores how atoms interact and combine to form different substances. These study notes cover key concepts from atomic structure to chemical reactions, helping you grasp the fundamental principles that govern the physical world around... Show more

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Atoms and Bonding

Did you know? Nanoparticles $1-100nm$ have incredibly large surface areas relative to their volume, which makes them extremely useful in technologies from medicine to electronics!

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Quantitative Chemistry and Chemical Changes

Remember: One mole of any gas occupies exactly 24dm³ at room temperature and pressure - a handy fact for calculating gas volumes in reactions!