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Cell biology
Biological molecules
Organisation
Infection and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Inter-war germany
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
The cold war
World war two & the holocaust
World war one
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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21/10/2022
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ATOMS all living things are made from atoms - they're really tiny and too small to be seen (even with a microscope). each atom is made from small particles nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. trons have the same /equal amount of rela- 3 the + PROTONS will always have a positive charge (a way to remember •p= positive, p = proton. E protons and tive mass. MENTRONS. ELECTRONS + E + = protons elections + E the amount of protons always needs to be taken have a neutral / no charge 10 charge (a to remember - NEUtion, NEUtral way around the nucleus is an electronic Struc- ture - contains particles of electrons, the electrons have a relative mass of 0 (very small however, electrons have a negative charge. away from the amo- unt of electrons Particle Proton neutron electron nucleus there fore, when you take away the amount protons from the amount electrons, the overall cha- rge of the atom is a beca- use they cancel eachother out. (3-3-0 so it's neutral/0. relative mass 1 there is an equal amount of protons and electron s (3 protons, 3 neutrons) (and 3 electrons). if the overall charge of an alom is 0, the charge of the atom just becomes neutral'. of of 0 ( very small) charge FOT THE NUCLEUS. in the middle of an arom there is protons and neutrons, has a positive charge (because of the protons, the whole mass of the atom is concent- rated in the nucleus. THE ELECTRonds in electronic shells, the - move around the nucleus elections are...
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negatively charged and they're tiny, but they cover alot of space, electrons have virtually . no mass. a neutral charge 10 charge because they have the the charge electrons, atoms are neutral, they have Overall. They have no charge same amount of picions and On the electrons is the same size as the charge on the protons (there is the same amount of protons and electrons in an atom, and when you take them away from eachother, their charge becomes neutral. 0 in an ion, the number of protons and neutreas electrons isn't the same as the amount of electrons so it has an overall charge over 0 (unlike on atom which has a with it's charge neutral charge), as an example, an ion - 2-` has 2 more elections than protons. an ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has either lost or gained electrons - hence why an ion has an ove- rall charge. ATOMIE 1) the nuclear symbol of an atom tells you it's atomic of protons number, and (amount AUMBER AND MASS AJUMBER to find out how many neutions are in an ato- Subtract the atomic number from the mass number in this situ- ation, 23-11 which = 12, So theres 12 neutrons, mass number atam.c number mass number (protons and neut- rons added together). 23 2) the atomic number (the bottom number tells you how many pio- tons are in the atom/element. the mass number (the top numb- er) tells you how many protons and neutrons there are in the atom. nuclear symbol for sodium: element Na symbol