Periodická tabulka prvků je jako mapa celého chemického světa -... Show more
Chemie
Matematika
Český jazyk a literaturaSign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
310
•
Updated Mar 30, 2026
•
Periodická Tabulka Chemických Prvků
1 / 4
Periodická tabulka prvků - tvůj průvodce chemií
Periodická tabulka není jen nudná tabulka na zdi - je to systematické uspořádání chemických prvků, které ti odhalí jejich tajemství. Funguje jako chytrý katalog, kde každý prvek má své místo podle jasných pravidel.
Struktura tabulky je jednoduchá: řádky se nazývají periody a sloupce jsou skupiny. Prvky ve stejné skupině se chovají podobně, což ti ušetří spoustu memorování. Prvky ve stejné periodě mají stejný počet elektronových hladin.
Nejdůležitější je, že prvky jsou seřazeny podle protonového čísla - čím víc protonů, tím dál vpravo a dolů prvek najdeš. V každém políčku najdeš čtyři základní informace: protonové číslo, symbol, název a relativní atomovou hmotnost.
Tip: Protonové číslo je jako "rodné číslo" každého prvku - jednoznačně ho identifikuje!
Základní částice atomu a čtení tabulky
Každý atom se skládá ze tří typů základních částic. Protony jsou kladné a sídlí v jádře - jejich počet určuje, o jaký prvek jde. Neutrony (n0) jsou neutrální a taky v jádře, zatímco elektrony jsou záporné a krouží kolem jádra.
Hmotnostní číslo je součet protonů a neutronů. V neutrálním atomu je počet elektronů stejný jako protonů, takže se náboje vyruší.
Číst periodickou tabulku je snadné, když znáš systém. Protonové číslo najdeš nahoře, symbol prvku uprostřed (jako H pro vodík), název dole a relativní atomovou hmotnost pod symbolem. Tyto informace ti stačí k vyřešení většiny úloh.
Pamatuj si: Elektrony jsou tak lehké, že k hmotnosti atomu prakticky nepřispívají!
Praktické příklady a výpočty
Podívej se na konkrétní prvky: vodík (H) má protonové číslo 1, uhlík (C) má 6, kyslík (O) má 8. Zlato (Au) má dokonce 79 protonů! Čím vyšší číslo, tím složitější a těžší prvek.
Výpočty s atomy jsou vlastně jednoduché. Počet protonů = protonové číslo, počet elektronů v neutrálním atomu = počet protonů, a počet neutronů = hmotnostní číslo mínus protonové číslo. Například uhlík má 6 protonů, 6 elektronů a obvykle 6 neutronů.
Když si osvojíš tyto základní výpočty, zvládneš většinu chemických úloh. Nejdůležitější je pochopit, že jádro atomu obsahuje prakticky celou hmotnost, zatímco elektrony určují chemické vlastnosti.
Zkus si: Vezmi si libovolný prvek z tabulky a spočítej jeho částice - je to skvělý trénink!
Skupiny prvků a jejich vlastnosti
Prvky v periodické tabulce se dělí do čtyř hlavních skupin podle svých vlastností. Kovy tvoří většinu tabulky a poznáš je podle lesku a dobré vodivosti - jsou to třeba železo nebo zlato.
Nekovy najdeš v pravé horní části a chovají se úplně jinak než kovy - špatně vedou elektřinu a často jsou plynné. Polokovy jsou zajímavá skupina "na půl cesty" mezi kovy a nekovy.
Vzácné plyny jsou úplně vpravo a jsou výjimečné tím, že se téměř s ničím nereagují. Proto se jim říká "vzácné" nebo "inertní" - jsou jako chemičtí introverti.
Zajímavost: Vzácné plyny se dlouho považovaly za úplně nereaktivní, dokud vědci nevynalezli způsob, jak je přece jen donutit reagovat!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Chemie
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Periodická Tabulka Chemických Prvků
Periodická tabulka prvků je jako mapa celého chemického světa - ukazuje ti všechny známé prvky a jak spolu souvisí. Každé políčko v ní obsahuje důležité informace o konkrétním prvku, které potřebuješ znát pro úspěch v chemii.
Periodická tabulka prvků - tvůj průvodce chemií
Periodická tabulka není jen nudná tabulka na zdi - je to systematické uspořádání chemických prvků, které ti odhalí jejich tajemství. Funguje jako chytrý katalog, kde každý prvek má své místo podle jasných pravidel.
Struktura tabulky je jednoduchá: řádky se nazývají periody a sloupce jsou skupiny. Prvky ve stejné skupině se chovají podobně, což ti ušetří spoustu memorování. Prvky ve stejné periodě mají stejný počet elektronových hladin.
Nejdůležitější je, že prvky jsou seřazeny podle protonového čísla - čím víc protonů, tím dál vpravo a dolů prvek najdeš. V každém políčku najdeš čtyři základní informace: protonové číslo, symbol, název a relativní atomovou hmotnost.
Tip: Protonové číslo je jako "rodné číslo" každého prvku - jednoznačně ho identifikuje!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Základní částice atomu a čtení tabulky
Každý atom se skládá ze tří typů základních částic. Protony jsou kladné a sídlí v jádře - jejich počet určuje, o jaký prvek jde. Neutrony (n0) jsou neutrální a taky v jádře, zatímco elektrony jsou záporné a krouží kolem jádra.
Hmotnostní číslo je součet protonů a neutronů. V neutrálním atomu je počet elektronů stejný jako protonů, takže se náboje vyruší.
Číst periodickou tabulku je snadné, když znáš systém. Protonové číslo najdeš nahoře, symbol prvku uprostřed (jako H pro vodík), název dole a relativní atomovou hmotnost pod symbolem. Tyto informace ti stačí k vyřešení většiny úloh.
Pamatuj si: Elektrony jsou tak lehké, že k hmotnosti atomu prakticky nepřispívají!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Praktické příklady a výpočty
Podívej se na konkrétní prvky: vodík (H) má protonové číslo 1, uhlík (C) má 6, kyslík (O) má 8. Zlato (Au) má dokonce 79 protonů! Čím vyšší číslo, tím složitější a těžší prvek.
Výpočty s atomy jsou vlastně jednoduché. Počet protonů = protonové číslo, počet elektronů v neutrálním atomu = počet protonů, a počet neutronů = hmotnostní číslo mínus protonové číslo. Například uhlík má 6 protonů, 6 elektronů a obvykle 6 neutronů.
Když si osvojíš tyto základní výpočty, zvládneš většinu chemických úloh. Nejdůležitější je pochopit, že jádro atomu obsahuje prakticky celou hmotnost, zatímco elektrony určují chemické vlastnosti.
Zkus si: Vezmi si libovolný prvek z tabulky a spočítej jeho částice - je to skvělý trénink!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Skupiny prvků a jejich vlastnosti
Prvky v periodické tabulce se dělí do čtyř hlavních skupin podle svých vlastností. Kovy tvoří většinu tabulky a poznáš je podle lesku a dobré vodivosti - jsou to třeba železo nebo zlato.
Nekovy najdeš v pravé horní části a chovají se úplně jinak než kovy - špatně vedou elektřinu a často jsou plynné. Polokovy jsou zajímavá skupina "na půl cesty" mezi kovy a nekovy.
Vzácné plyny jsou úplně vpravo a jsou výjimečné tím, že se téměř s ničím nereagují. Proto se jim říká "vzácné" nebo "inertní" - jsou jako chemičtí introverti.
Zajímavost: Vzácné plyny se dlouho považovaly za úplně nereaktivní, dokud vědci nevynalezli způsob, jak je přece jen donutit reagovat!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content in Chemie
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user