Maths
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Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Biology
8 Dec 2025
588
2 pages
Hannah @hannah_studys1012
Plant transport systems are like the circulatory system in your body - they move essential materials around to... Show more
Your plant's transport system has two main highways xylem for water and phloem for food. Think of xylem as dead, hollow tubes strengthened with lignin spirals - like reinforced pipes that won't collapse under pressure.
The root's structure is organised in layers from outside to inside epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, then the central transport tissues. The Casparian strip in the endodermis acts like a waterproof barrier, forcing water to take the symplastic route through living cells.
Phloem consists of living sieve tube elements (no nucleus, little cytoplasm) connected by companion cells packed with mitochondria. These companion cells do the hard work of actively loading sucrose into the transport system.
Quick Tip Remember that glucose gets converted to sucrose for transport because sucrose won't be accidentally used up during the journey - it's purely for storage and transport!
Translocation moves sucrose from sources (like leaves) to sinks (like fruits) using pressure differences. High pressure at the source pushes sugars towards low pressure areas at the sink.
Water travels from soil to leaf through two main pathways the apoplastic pathway (through cell walls) handles 90% of water movement, whilst the symplastic pathway goes through living cell contents via plasmodesmata.
The Casparian strip forces all water into the symplastic route at the endodermis. Minerals get actively pumped into the xylem, decreasing water potential and drawing water in by osmosis - this creates the pressure that pushes water upwards.
Stomata are controlled by guard cells that detect blue light. When potassium ions move in, water potential drops, water enters the guard cells, and stomata open for gas exchange. It's a brilliant automatic system!
Exam Focus Learn the four factors affecting transpiration rate - temperature, humidity, wind speed, and water availability. Each one affects the concentration gradient or kinetic energy of water molecules.
Several factors control transpiration rate higher temperature gives water molecules more kinetic energy, lower humidity creates steeper concentration gradients, wind removes moisture from leaf surfaces, and adequate water availability keeps stomata open. When water becomes scarce, stomata close to prevent further loss.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of mass transport in plants, focusing on the xylem's role in water and mineral ion movement, the phloem's function in translocating sugars, and the factors influencing transpiration rates. This summary covers key concepts such as transpiration, translocation, and the mass flow hypothesis, providing a comprehensive overview for students studying plant biology.
BiologyExplore the key processes of water transport in plants, including the Apoplast, Symplast, and Vacuolar pathways. Understand the role of the Casparian strip in regulating water and mineral movement, and learn how active transport and transpiration pull facilitate efficient water uptake and distribution in multicellular plants.
BiologyExplore the essential mechanisms of plant transport, including xylem and phloem functions, transpiration rates, and adaptations for water movement. This comprehensive summary covers active transport, water potential, and the mass flow hypothesis, making it ideal for OCR AS Level students and beyond.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of translocation in plants, focusing on the roles of xylem and phloem. This summary covers key concepts such as active transport, pressure gradients, and evidence for mass flow, including experimental methods like autoradiography. Ideal for students studying plant physiology.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of water transport in plants, focusing on xylem function, transpiration rates, and factors affecting water uptake. This summary covers key concepts such as water potential, vascular systems, and the cohesion-tension theory, essential for A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the essential roles of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, and their functions in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste. This summary covers key concepts such as pulmonary and systemic circulation, emphasizing the importance of maintaining healthy organs and tissues. Ideal for students studying animal transport systems.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Hannah
@hannah_studys1012
Plant transport systems are like the circulatory system in your body - they move essential materials around to keep the plant alive. Understanding how water travels up from roots to leaves and how sugars move from where they're made to... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your plant's transport system has two main highways: xylem for water and phloem for food. Think of xylem as dead, hollow tubes strengthened with lignin spirals - like reinforced pipes that won't collapse under pressure.
The root's structure is organised in layers from outside to inside: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, then the central transport tissues. The Casparian strip in the endodermis acts like a waterproof barrier, forcing water to take the symplastic route through living cells.
Phloem consists of living sieve tube elements (no nucleus, little cytoplasm) connected by companion cells packed with mitochondria. These companion cells do the hard work of actively loading sucrose into the transport system.
Quick Tip: Remember that glucose gets converted to sucrose for transport because sucrose won't be accidentally used up during the journey - it's purely for storage and transport!
Translocation moves sucrose from sources (like leaves) to sinks (like fruits) using pressure differences. High pressure at the source pushes sugars towards low pressure areas at the sink.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Water travels from soil to leaf through two main pathways: the apoplastic pathway (through cell walls) handles 90% of water movement, whilst the symplastic pathway goes through living cell contents via plasmodesmata.
The Casparian strip forces all water into the symplastic route at the endodermis. Minerals get actively pumped into the xylem, decreasing water potential and drawing water in by osmosis - this creates the pressure that pushes water upwards.
Stomata are controlled by guard cells that detect blue light. When potassium ions move in, water potential drops, water enters the guard cells, and stomata open for gas exchange. It's a brilliant automatic system!
Exam Focus: Learn the four factors affecting transpiration rate - temperature, humidity, wind speed, and water availability. Each one affects the concentration gradient or kinetic energy of water molecules.
Several factors control transpiration rate: higher temperature gives water molecules more kinetic energy, lower humidity creates steeper concentration gradients, wind removes moisture from leaf surfaces, and adequate water availability keeps stomata open. When water becomes scarce, stomata close to prevent further loss.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of mass transport in plants, focusing on the xylem's role in water and mineral ion movement, the phloem's function in translocating sugars, and the factors influencing transpiration rates. This summary covers key concepts such as transpiration, translocation, and the mass flow hypothesis, providing a comprehensive overview for students studying plant biology.
BiologyExplore the key processes of water transport in plants, including the Apoplast, Symplast, and Vacuolar pathways. Understand the role of the Casparian strip in regulating water and mineral movement, and learn how active transport and transpiration pull facilitate efficient water uptake and distribution in multicellular plants.
BiologyExplore the essential mechanisms of plant transport, including xylem and phloem functions, transpiration rates, and adaptations for water movement. This comprehensive summary covers active transport, water potential, and the mass flow hypothesis, making it ideal for OCR AS Level students and beyond.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of translocation in plants, focusing on the roles of xylem and phloem. This summary covers key concepts such as active transport, pressure gradients, and evidence for mass flow, including experimental methods like autoradiography. Ideal for students studying plant physiology.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of water transport in plants, focusing on xylem function, transpiration rates, and factors affecting water uptake. This summary covers key concepts such as water potential, vascular systems, and the cohesion-tension theory, essential for A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the essential roles of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, and their functions in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste. This summary covers key concepts such as pulmonary and systemic circulation, emphasizing the importance of maintaining healthy organs and tissues. Ideal for students studying animal transport systems.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology